The Book of the Spiritual Man

Lead me from dreaming to waking.
Lead me from opacity to clarity.
Lead me from the complicated to the simple.
Lead me from the obscure to the obvious.
Lead me from intention to attention.
Lead me from what I'm told I am to what I see I am.
Lead me from confrontation to wide openness.
Lead me to the place I never left,
Where there is peace, and peace
- The Upanishads

*note* Interesting interpretation of Yoga sutras of Patanjali ,from Charles Johnston..kinda long,but worthy of pondering about.
-added by danny-
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THE YOGA SUTRAS OF PATANJALI

"The Book of the Spiritual Man"



An Interpretation By



Charles Johnston





Bengal Civil Service, Retired; Indian Civil Service, Sanskrit Prizeman;

Dublin University, Sanskrit Prizeman



INTRODUCTION TO BOOK I



The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali are in themselves exceedingly brief, less

than ten pages of large type in the original. Yet they contain the

essence of practical wisdom, set forth in admirable order and detail.

The theme, if the present interpreter be right, is the great regeneration,

the birth of the spiritual from the psychical man: the same theme

which Paul so wisely and eloquently set forth in writing to his disciples

in Corinth, the theme of all mystics in all lands.



We think of ourselves as living a purely physical life, in these material

bodies of ours. In reality, we have gone far indeed from pure physical

life; for ages, our life has been psychical, we have been centred and

immersed in the psychic nature. Some of the schools of India say that

the psychic nature is, as it were, a looking-glass, wherein are mirrored

the things seen by the physical eyes, and heard by the physical ears.

But this is a magic mirror; the images remain, and take a certain life

of their own. Thus within the psychic realm of our life there grows up

an imaged world wherein we dwell; a world of the images of things

seen and heard, and therefore a world of memories; a world also of

hopes and desires, of fears and regrets. Mental life grows up among

these images, built on a measuring and comparing, on the massing of

images together into general ideas; on the abstraction of new notions

and images from these; till a new world is built up within, full of

desires and hates, ambition, envy, longing, speculation, curiosity,

self-will, self-interest.



The teaching of the East is, that all these are true powers overlaid by

false desires; that though in manifestation psychical, they are in

essence spiritual; that the psychical man is the veil and prophecy of the

spiritual man.



The purpose of life, therefore, is the realizing of that prophecy; the

unveiling of the immortal man; the birth of the spiritual from the

psychical, whereby we enter our divine inheritance and come to

inhabit Eternity. This is, indeed, salvation, the purpose of all true

religion, in all times.



Patanjali has in mind the spiritual man, to be born from the psychical.

His purpose is, to set in order the practical means for the unveiling

and regeneration, and to indicate the fruit, the glory and the power, of

that new birth.



Through the Sutras of the first book, Patanjali is concerned with the

first great problem, the emergence of the spiritual man from the veils

and meshes of the psychic nature, the moods and vestures of the

mental and emotional man. Later will come the consideration of the

nature and powers of the spiritual man, once he stands clear of the

psychic veils and trammels, and a view of the realms in which these

new spiritual powers are to be revealed.



At this point may come a word of explanation. I have been asked why

I use the word Sutras, for these rules of Patanjali's system, when the

word Aphorism has been connected with them in our minds fora

generation. The reason is this: the name Aphorism suggests, to me at

least, a pithy sentence of very general application; a piece of

proverbial wisdom that may be quoted in a good many sets of

circumstance, and which will almost bear on its face the evidence of

its truth. But with a Sutra the case is different. It comes from the same

root as the word "sew," and means, indeed, a thread, suggesting,

therefore, a close knit, consecutive chain of argument. Not only has

each Sutra a definite place in the system, but further, taken out of this

place, it will be almost meaningless, and will by no means be

self-evident. So I have thought best to adhere to the original word.

The Sutras of Patanjali are as closely knit together, as dependent on

each other, as the propositions of Euclid, and can no more be taken

out of their proper setting.



In the second part of the first book, the problem of the emergence of

the spiritual man is further dealt with. We are led to the consideration

of the barriers to his emergence, of the overcoming of the barriers,

and of certain steps and stages in the ascent from the ordinary

consciousness of practical life, to the finer, deeper, radiant

consciousness of the spiritual man.



BOOK I



1. OM: Here follows Instruction in Union.



Union, here as always in the Scriptures of India, means union of the

individual soul with the Oversoul; of the personal consciousness with

the Divine Consciousness, whereby the mortal becomes immortal, and

enters the Eternal. Therefore, salvation is, first, freedom from sin and

the sorrow which comes from sin, and then a divine and eternal

well-being, wherein the soul partakes of the being, the wisdom and

glory of God.





2. Union, spiritual consciousness, is gained through control of the

versatile psychic nature.



The goal is the full consciousness of the spiritual man, illumined by the

Divine Light. Nothing except the obdurate resistance of the psychic

nature keeps us back from the goal. The psychical powers are spiritual

powers run wild, perverted, drawn from their proper channel.

Therefore our first task is, to regain control of this perverted nature,

to chasten, purify and restore the misplaced powers.



3. Then the Seer comes to consciousness in his proper nature.



Egotism is but the perversion of spiritual being. Ambition is the

inversion of spiritual power. Passion is the distortion of love. The

mortal is the limitation of the immortal. When these false images give

place to true, then the spiritual man stands forth luminous, as the sun,

when the clouds disperse.



4. Heretofore the Seer has been enmeshed in the activities of the

psychic nature.



The power and life which are the heritage of the spiritual man have

been caught and enmeshed in psychical activities. Instead of pure

being in the Divine, there has been fretful, combative. egotism, its

hand against every man. Instead of the light of pure vision, there have

been restless senses nave been re and imaginings. Instead of spiritual

joy, the undivided joy of pure being, there has been self-indulgence of

body and mind. These are all real forces, but distorted from their true

nature and goal. They must be extricated, like gems from the matrix,

like the pith from the reed, steadily, without destructive violence.

Spiritual powers are to be drawn forth from the }'sychic meshes.



5. The psychic activities are five; they are either subject or not subject

to the five hindrances (Book II, 3).



The psychic nature is built up through the image-making power, the

power which lies behind and dwells in mind- pictures. These pictures

do not remain quiescent in the mind; they are kinetic, restless,

stimulating to new acts. Thus the mind-image of an indulgence

suggests and invites to a new indulgence; the picture of past joy is

framed in regrets or hopes. And there is the ceaseless play of the

desire to know, to penetrate to the essence of things, to classify. This,

too, busies itself ceaselessly with the mind-images. So that we may

classify the activities of the psychic nature thus:



6. These activities are: Sound intellection, unsound intellection,

predication, sleep, memory.



We have here a list of mental and emotional powers; of powers that

picture and observe, and of powers that picture and feel. But the

power to know and feel is spiritual and immortal. What is needed is,

not to destroy it, but to raise it from the psychical to the spiritual

realm.



7. The elements of sound intellection are: direct observation, inductive

reason, and trustworthy testimony.



Each of these is a spiritual power, thinly veiled. Direct observation is

the outermost form of the Soul's pure vision. Inductive reason rests on

the great principles of continuity and correspondence; and these, on

the supreme truth that all life is of the One. Trustworthy testimony,

the sharing of one soul in the wisdom of another, rests on the ultimate

oneness of all souls.



8. Unsound intellection is false understanding, not resting on a

perception of the true nature of things.



When the object is not truly perceived, when the observation is

inaccurate and faulty. thought or reasoning based on that mistaken

perception is of necessity false and unsound.



9. Predication is carried on through words or thoughts not resting on

an object perceived.



The purpose of this Sutra is, to distinguish between the mental process

of predication, and observation, induction or testimony. Predication

is the attribution of a quality or action to a subject, by adding to it a

predicate. In the sentence, "the man is wise," "the man" is the subject;

"is wise" is the predicate. This may be simply an interplay of thoughts,

without the presence of the object thought of; or the things thought

of may be imaginary or unreal; while observation, induction and

testimony always go back to an object.



10. Sleep is the psychic condition which rests on mind states, all

material things being absent.



In waking life, we have two currents of perception; an outer current

of physical things seen and heard and perceived; an inner current of

mind-images and thoughts. The outer current ceases in sleep; the inner

current continues, and watching the mind-images float before the field

of consciousness, we "dream Even when there are no dreams, there is

still a certain consciousness in sleep, so that, on waking, one says, "I

have slept well," or "I have slept badly."



11. Memory is holding to mind-images of things perceived, without

modifying them.



Here, as before, the mental power is explained in terms of

mind-images, which are the material of which the psychic world is

built, Therefore the sages teach that the world of our perception,

which is indeed a world of mind-images, is but the wraith or shadow

of the real and everlasting world. In this sense, memory is but the

psychical inversion of the spiritual, ever-present vision. That which is

ever before the spiritual eye of the Seer needs not to be remembered.



12. The control of these psychic activities comes through the right use

of the will, and through ceasing from self- indulgence.



If these psychical powers and energies, even such evil things as

passion and hate and fear, are but spiritual powers fallen and

perverted, how are we to bring about their release and restoration ?

Two means are presented to us: the awakening of the spiritual will,

and the purification of mind and thought.



13. The right use of the will is the steady, effort to stand in spiritual

being.



We have thought of ourselves, perhaps, as creatures moving upon this

earth, rather helpless, at the mercy of storm and hunger and our

enemies. We are to think of ourselves as immortals, dwelling in the

Light, encompassed and sustained by spiritual powers. The steady

effort to hold this thought will awaken dormant and unrealized

powers, which will unveil to us the nearness of the Eternal.



14. This becomes a firm resting-place, when followed long,

persistently, with earnestness.



We must seek spiritual life in conformity with the laws of spiritual life,

with earnestness, humility, gentle charity, which is an acknowledgment

of the One Soul within us all. Only through obedience to that shared

Life, through perpetual remembrance of our oneness with all Divine

Being, our nothingness apart from Divine Being, can we enter our

inheritance.



15. Ceasing from self-indulgence is con- scious mastery over the thirst

for sensuous pleasure here or hereafter.



Rightly understood, the desire for sensation is the desire of being, the

distortion of the soul's eternal life. The lust of sensual stimulus and

excitation rests on the longing to feel one's life keenly, to gain the

sense of being really alive. This sense of true life comes only with the

coming of the soul, and the soul comes only in silence, after

self-indulgence has been courageously and loyally stilled, through

reverence before the coming soul.



16. The consummation of this is freedom from thirst for any mode of

psychical activity, through the establishment of the spiritual man.



In order to gain a true understanding of this teaching, study must be

supplemented by devoted practice, faith by works. The reading of the

words will not avail. There must be a real effort to stand as the Soul,

a real ceasing from self-indulgence. With this awakening of the

spiritual will, and purification, will come at once the growth of the

spiritual man and our awakening consciousness as the spiritual man;

and this, attained in even a small degree, will help us notably in our

contest. To him that hath, shall be given.



17. Meditation with an object follows these stages: first, exterior

examining, then interior judicial action, then joy, then realization of

individual being.



In the practice of meditation, a beginning may be made by fixing the

attention upon some external object, such as a sacred image or

picture, or a part of a book of devotion. In the second stage, one

passes from the outer object to an inner pondering upon its lessons.

The third stage is the inspiration, the heightening of the spiritual will,

which results from this pondering. The fourth stage is the realization

of one's spiritual being, as enkindled by this meditation.



18. After the exercise of the will has stilled the psychic activities,

meditation rests only on the fruit of former meditations.



In virtue of continued practice and effort, the need of an external

object on which to rest the meditation is outgrown. An interior state

of spiritual consciousness is reached, which is called "the cloud of

things knowable" (Book IV, 29).



19. Subjective consciousness arising from a natural cause is possessed

by those who have laid aside their bodies and been absorbed into

subjective nature.



Those who have died, entered the paradise between births, are in a

condition resembling meditation without an external object. But in the

fullness of time, the seeds of desire in them will spring up, and they

will be born again into this world.



20. For the others, there is spiritual consciousness, led up to by faith,

valour right mindfulness, one-pointedness, perception.



It is well to keep in mind these steps on the path to illumination: faith,

velour, right mindfulness, one-pointedness, perception. Not one can

be dispensed with; all must be won. First faith; and then from faith,

velour; from va lour, right mindfulness; from right mindfulness, a

one-pointed aspiration toward the soul; from this, perception; and

finally, full vision as the soul.



21. Spiritual consciousness is nearest to those of keen, intense will.



The image used is the swift impetus of the torrent; the kingdom must

be taken by force. Firm will comes only through effort; effort is

inspired by faith. The great secret is this: it is not enough to have

intuitions; we must act on them; we must live them.



22. The will may be weak, or of middle strength, or intense.



Therefore there is a spiritual consciousness higher than this. For those

of weak will, there is this counsel: to be faithful in obedience, to live

the life, and thus to strengthen the will to more perfect obedience. The

will is not ours, but God's, and we come into it only through

obedience. As we enter into the spirit of God, we are permitted to

share the power of God.



Higher than the three stages of the way is the goal, the end of the

way.



23. Or spiritual consciousness may be gained by ardent service of the

Master.



If we think of our lives as tasks laid on us by the Master of Life, if we

look on all duties as parts of that Master's work, entrusted to us, and

forming our life-work; then, if we obey, promptly, loyally, sincerely,

we shall enter by degrees into the Master's life and share the Master's

power. Thus we shall be initiated into the spiritual will.



24. The Master is the spiritual man, who s free from hindrances,

bondage to works, and the fruition and seed of works.



The Soul of the Master, the Lord, is of the same nature as the soul in

us; but we still bear the burden of many evils, we are in bondage

through our former works, we are under the dominance of sorrow.

The Soul of the Master is free from sin and servitude and sorrow.



25. In the Master is the perfect seed of Omniscience.



The Soul of the Master is in essence one with the Oversoul, and

therefore partaker of the Oversoul's all-wisdom and all-power. All

spiritual attainment rests on this, and is possible because the soul and

the Oversoul are One.



26. He is the Teacher of all who have gone before, since he is not

limited by Time.



From the beginning, the Oversoul has been the Teacher of all souls,

which, by their entrance into the Oversoul, by realizing their oneness

with the Oversoul, have inherited the kingdom of the Light. For the

Oversoul is before Time, and Time, father of all else, is one of His

children.







27. His word is OM.



OM: the symbol of the Three in One, the three worlds in the Soul; the

three times, past, present, future, in Eternity; the three Divine Powers,

Creation, Preservation, Transformation, in the one Being; the three

essences, immortality, omniscience, joy, in the one Spirit. This is the

Word, the Symbol, of the Master and Lord, the perfected Spiritual

Man.



28. Let there be soundless repetition of OM and meditation thereon.



This has many meanings, in ascending degrees. There is, first, the

potency of the word itself, as of all words. Then there is the manifold

significance of the symbol, as suggested above. Lastly, there is the

spiritual realization of the high essences thus symbolized. Thus we rise

step by step to the Eternal.



29. Thence come the awakening of interior consciousness, and the

removal of barriers.



Here again faith must be supplemented by works, the life must be led

as well as studied, before the full meaning can be understood. The

awakening of spiritual consciousness can only be understood in

measure as it is entered. It can only be entered where the conditions

are present: purity of heart, and strong aspiration, and the resolute

conquest of each sin.



This, however, may easily be understood: that the recognition of the

three worlds as resting in the Soul leads us to realize ourselves and all

life as of the Soul; that, as we dwell, not in past, present or future, but

in the Eternal, we become more at one with the Eternal; that, as we

view all organization, preservation, mutation as the work of the Divine

One, we shall come more into harmony with the One, and thus remove

the barrier' in our path toward the Light.



In the second part of the first book, the problem of the emergence of

the spiritual man is further dealt with. We are led to the consideration

of the barriers to his emergence, of the overcoming of the barriers,

and of certain steps and stages in the ascent from the ordinary

consciousness of practical life, to the finer, deeper, radiant

consciousness of the spiritual man.



30. The barriers to interior consciousness, which drive the psychic

nature this way and that, are these: sickness, inertia, doubt,

lightmindedness, laziness, intemperance, false notions, inability to

reach a stage of meditation, or to hold it when reached.



We must remember that we are considering the spiritual man as

enwrapped and enmeshed by the psychic nature, the emotional and

mental powers; and as unable to come to clear consciousness, unable

to stand and see clearly, because of the psychic veils of the

personality. Nine of these are enumerated, and they go pretty

thoroughly into the brute toughness of the psychic nature.



Sickness is included rather for its effect on the emotions and mind,

since bodily infirmity, such as blindness or deafness, is no insuperable

barrier to spiritual life, and may sometimes be a help, as cutting off

distractions. It will be well for us to ponder over each of these nine

activities, thinking of each as a psychic state, a barrier to the interior

consciousness of the spiritual man.



31. Grieving, despondency, bodily restless ness, the drawing in and

sending forth of the life-breath also contribute to drive the psychic

nature to and fro.



The first two moods are easily understood. We can well see bow a

sodden psychic condition, flagrantly opposed to the pure and positive

joy of spiritual life, would be a barrier. The next, bodily restlessness,

is in a special way the fault of our day and generation. When it is

conquered, mental restlessness will be half conquered, too.



The next two terms, concerning the life breath, offer some difficulty.

The surface meaning is harsh and irregular breathing; the deeper

meaning is a life of harsh and irregular impulses.



32. Steady application to a principle is the way to put a stop to these.



The will, which, in its pristine state, was full of vigour, has been

steadily corrupted by self-indulgence, the seeking of moods and

sensations for sensation's sake. Hence come all the morbid and sickly

moods of the mind. The remedy is a return to the pristine state of the

will, by vigorous, positive effort; or, as we are here told, by steady

application to a principle. The principle to which we should thus

steadily apply ourselves should be one arising from the reality of

spiritual life; valorous work for the soul, in others as in ourselves.



33. By sympathy with the happy, compassion for the sorrowful,

delight in the holy, disregard of the unholy, the psychic nature moves

to gracious peace.



When we are wrapped up in ourselves, shrouded with the cloak of our

egotism, absorbed in our pains and bitter thoughts, we are not willing

to disturb or strain our own sickly mood by giving kindly sympathy to

the happy, thus doubling their joy, or by showing compassion for the

sad, thus halving their sorrow. We refuse to find delight in holy things,

and let the mind brood in sad pessimism on unholy things. All these

evil psychic moods must be conquered by strong effort of will. This

rending of the veils will reveal to us something of the grace and peace

which are of the interior consciousness of the spiritual man.



34. Or peace may be reached by the even sending forth and control

of the life-breath.



Here again we may look for a double meaning: first, that even and

quiet breathing which is a part of the victory over bodily restlessness;

then the even and quiet tenor of life, without harsh or dissonant

impulses, which brings stillness to the heart.



35. Faithful, persistent application to any object, if completely

attained, will bind the mind to steadiness.



We are still considering how to overcome the wavering and

perturbation of the psychic nature, which make it quite unfit to

transmit the inward consciousness and stillness. We are once more

told to use the will, and to train it by steady and persistent work: by

"sitting close" to our work, in the phrase of the original.



36. As also will a joyful, radiant spirit.



There is no such illusion as gloomy pessimism, and it has been truly

said that a man's cheerfulness is the measure of his faith. Gloom,

despondency, the pale cast of thought, are very amenable to the will.

Sturdy and courageous effort will bring a clear and valorous mind.

But it must always be remembered that this is not for solace to the

personal man, but is rather an offering to the ideal of spiritual life, a

contribution to the universal and universally shared treasure in heaven.



37. Or the purging of self-indulgence from the psychic nature.



We must recognize that the fall of man is a reality, exemplified in our

own persons. We have quite other sins than the animals, and far more

deleterious; and they have all come through self-indulgence, with

which our psychic natures are soaked through and through. As we

climbed down hill for our pleasure, so must we climb up again for our

purification and restoration to our former high estate. The process is

painful, perhaps, yet indispensable.



38. Or a pondering on the perceptions gained in dreams and dreamless

sleep.



For the Eastern sages, dreams are, it is true, made up of images of

waking life, reflections of what the eyes have seen and the ears heard.

But dreams are something more, for the images are in a sense real,

objective on their own plane; and the knowledge that there is another

world, even a dream-world, lightens the tyranny of material life. Much

of poetry and art is such a solace from dreamland. But there is more

in dream, for it may image what is above, as well as what is below; not

only the children of men, but also the children by the shore of the

immortal sea that brought us hither, may throw their images on this

magic mirror: so, too, of the secrets of dreamless sleep with its pure

vision, in even greater degree.



39. Or meditative brooding on what is dearest to the heart.



Here is a thought which our own day is beginning to grasp: that love

is a form of knowledge; that we truly know any thing or any person,

by becoming one therewith, in love. Thus love has a wisdom that the

mind cannot claim, and by this hearty love, this becoming one with

what is beyond our personal borders, we may take a long step toward

freedom. Two directions for this may be suggested: the pure love of

the artist for his work, and the earnest, compassionate search into the

hearts of others.



40. Thus he masters all, from the atom to the Infinite.



Newton was asked how he made his discoveries. By intending my

mind on them, he replied. This steady pressure, this becoming one

with what we seek to understand, whether it be atom or soul, is the

one means to know. When we become a thing, we really know it, not

otherwise. Therefore live the life, to know the doctrine; do the will of

the Father, if you would know the Father.



41. When the perturbations of the psychic nature have all been stilled,

then the consciousness, like a pure crystal, takes the colour of what it

rests on, whether that be the perceiver, perceiving, or the thing

perceived.



This is a fuller expression of the last Sutra, and is so lucid that

comment can hardly add to it. Everything is either perceiver,

perceiving, or the thing perceived; or, as we might say, consciousness,

force, or matter. The sage tells us that the one key will unlock the

secrets of all three, the secrets of consciousness, force and matter

alike. The thought is, that the cordial sympathy of a gentle heart,

intuitively understanding the hearts of others, is really a manifestation

of the same power as that penetrating perception whereby one divines

the secrets of planetary motions or atomic structure.



42. When the consciousness, poised in perceiving, blends together the

name, the object dwelt on and the idea, this is perception with exterior

consideration.



In the first stage of the consideration of an external object, the

perceiving mind comes to it, preoccupied by the name and idea

conventionally associated with that object. For example, in coming to

the study of a book, we think of the author, his period, the school to

which he belongs. The second stage, set forth in the next Sutra, goes

directly to the spiritual meaning of the book, setting its traditional

trappings aside and finding its application to our own experience and

problems.



The commentator takes a very simple illustration: a cow, where one

considers, in the first stage, the name of the cow, the animal itself and

the idea of a cow in the mind. In the second stage, one pushes these

trappings aside and, entering into the inmost being of the cow, shares

its consciousness, as do some of the artists who paint cows. They get

at the very life of what they study and paint.



43. When the object dwells in the mind, clear of memory-pictures,

uncoloured by the mind, as a pure luminous idea, this is perception

without exterior or consideration.



We are still considering external, visible objects. Such perception as

is here described is of the nature of that penetrating vision whereby

Newton, intending his mind on things, made his discoveries, or that

whereby a really great portrait painter pierces to the soul of him whom

he paints, and makes that soul live on canvas. These stages of

perception are described in this way, to lead the mind up to an

understanding of the piercing soul-vision of the spiritual man, the

immortal.



44. The same two steps, when referring to things of finer substance,

are said to be with, or without, judicial action of the mind.



We now come to mental or psychical objects: to images in the mind.

It is precisely by comparing, arranging and superposing these

mind-images that we get our general notions or concepts. This

process of analysis and synthesis, whereby we select certain qualities

in a group of mind-images, and then range together those of like

quality, is the judicial action of the mind spoken of. But when we

exercise swift divination upon the mind images, as does a poet or a

man of genius., then we use a power higher than the judicial, and one

nearer to the keen vision of the spiritual man.



45. Subtle substance rises in ascending degrees, to that pure nature

which has no distinguishing mark.



As we ascend from outer material things which are permeated by

separateness, and whose chief characteristic is to be separate, just as

so many pebbles are separate from each other; as we ascend, first, to

mind-images, which overlap and coalesce in both space and time, and

then to ideas and principles, we finally come to purer essences,

drawing ever nearer and nearer to unity.



Or we may illustrate this principle thus. Our bodily, external selves are

quite distinct and separate, in form, name, place, substance; our

mental selves, of finer substance, meet and part, meet and part again,

in perpetual concussion and interchange; our spiritual selves attain

true consciousness through unity, where the partition wall between us

and the Highest, between us and others, is broken down and we are

all made perfect in the One. The highest riches are possessed by all

pure souls, only when united. Thus we rise from separation to true

individuality in unity.



46. The above are the degrees of limited and conditioned spiritual

consciousness, still containing the seed of separateness.



In the four stages of perception above described, the spiritual vision

is still working through the mental and psychical, the inner genius is

still expressed through the outer, personal man. The spiritual man has

yet to come completely to consciousness as himself, in his own realm,

the psychical veils laid aside.



47. When pure perception without judicial action of the mind is

reached, there follows the gracious peace of the inner self.



We have instanced certain types of this pure perception: the poet's

divination, whereby he sees the spirit within the symbol, likeness in

things unlike, and beauty in all things; the pure insight of the true

philosopher, whose vision rests not on the appearances of life, but on

its realities; or the saint's firm perception of spiritual life and being. All

these are far advanced on the way; they have drawn near to the secret

dwelling of peace.



48. In that peace, perception is unfailingly true.



The poet, the wise philosopher and the saint not only reach a wide and

luminous consciousness, but they gain certain knowledge of

substantial reality. When we know, we know that we know. For we

have come to the stage where we know things by being them, and

nothing can be more true than being. We rest on the rock, and know

it to be rock, rooted in the very heart of the world.



49. The object of this perception is other than what is learned from the

sacred books, or by sound inference, since this perception is

particular.



The distinction is a luminous and inspiring one. The Scriptures teach

general truths, concerning universal spiritual life and broad laws, and

inference from their teaching is not less general. But the spiritual

perception of the awakened Seer brings particular truth concerning his

own particular life and needs, whether these be for himself or others.

He receives defined, precise knowledge, exactly applying to what he

has at heart.



50. The impress on the consciousness springing from this perception

supersedes all previous impressions.



Each state or field of the mind, each field of knowledge, so to speak,

which is reached by mental and emotional energies, is a psychical

state, just as the mind picture of a stage with the actors on it, is a

psychical state or field. When the pure vision, as of the poet, the

philosopher, the saint, fills the whole field, all lesser views and visions

are crowded out. This high consciousness displaces all lesser

consciousness. Yet, in a certain sense, that which is viewed as part,

even by the vision of a sage, has still an element of illusion, a thin

psychical veil, however pure and luminous that veil may be. It is the

last and highest psychic state.



51. When this impression ceases, then, since all impressions have

ceased, there arises pure spiritual consciousness, with no seed of

separateness left.



The last psychic veil is drawn aside, and the spiritual man stands with

unveiled vision, pure serene.



INTRODUCTION TO BOOK II



The first book of Patanjali's Yoga Sutras is called the Book of

Spiritual Consciousness. The second book, which we now begin, is

the Book of the Means of Soul Growth. And we must remember that

soul growth here means the growth of the realization of the spiritual

man, or, to put the matter more briefly, the growth of the spiritual

man, and the disentangling of the spiritual man from the wrappings,

the veils, the disguises laid upon him by the mind and the psychical

nature, wherein he is enmeshed, like a bird caught in a net



The question arises: By what means may the spiritual man be freed

from these psychical meshes and disguises, so that he may stand forth

above death, in his radiant eternalness and divine power? And the

second book sets itself to answer this very question, and to detail the

means in a way entirely practical and very lucid, so that he who runs

may read, and he who reads may understand and practise.



The second part of the second book is concerned with practical

spiritual training, that is, with the earlier practical training of the

spiritual man.



The most striking thing in it is the emphasis laid on the

Commandments, which are precisely those of the latter part of the

Decalogue, together with obedience to the Master. Our day and

generation is far too prone to fancy that there can be mystical life and

growth on some other foundation, on the foundation, for example, of

intellectual curiosity or psychical selfishness. In reality, on this latter

foundation the life of the spiritual man can never be built; nor, indeed,

anything but a psychic counterfeit, a dangerous delusion.



Therefore Patanjali, like every great spiritual teacher, meets the

question: What must I do to be saved? with the age- old answer: Keep

the Commandments. Only after the disciple can say, These have I

kept, can there be the further and finer teaching of the spiritual Rules.



It is, therefore, vital for us to realize that the Yoga system, like every

true system of spiritual teaching, rests on this broad and firm

foundation of honesty, truth, cleanness, obedience. Without these,

there is no salvation; and he who practices these, even though

ignorant of spiritual things, is laying up treas- against the time to

come.















BOOK II



1. The practices which make for union with the Soul are: fervent

aspiration, spiritual reading, and complete obedience to the Master.



The word which I have rendered "fervent aspiration' means primarily

"fire"; and, in the Eastern teaching, it means the fire which gives life

and light, and at the same time the fire which purifies. We have,

therefore, as our first practice, as the first of the means of spiritual

growth, that fiery quality of the will which enkindles and illumines,

and, at the same time, the steady practice of purification, the burning

away of all known impurities. Spiritual reading is so universally

accepted and understood, that it needs no comment. The very study

of Patanjali's Sutras is an exercise in spiritual reading, and a very

effective one. And so with all other books of the Soul. Obedience to

the Master means, that we shall make the will of the Master our will,

and shall confirm in all wave to the will of the Divine, setting aside the

wills of self, which are but psychic distortions of the one Divine Will.

The constant effort to obey in all the ways we know and understand,

will reveal new ways and new tasks, the evidence of new growth of

the Soul. Nothing will do more for the spiritual man in us than this, for

there is no such regenerating power as the awakening spiritual will.



2. Their aim is, to bring soul-vision, and to wear away hindrances.



The aim of fervour, spiritual reading and obedience to the Master, is,

to bring soulvision, and to wear away hindrances. Or, to use the

phrase we have already adopted, the aim of these practices is, to help

the spiritual man to open his eyes; to help him also to throw aside the

veils and disguises, the enmeshing psychic nets which surround him,

tying his hands, as it were, and bandaging his eyes. And this, as all

teachers testify, is a long and arduous task, a steady up-hill fight,

demanding fine courage and persistent toil. Fervour, the fire of the

spiritual will, is, as we said, two-fold: it illumines, and so helps the

spiritual man to see; and it also burns up the nets and meshes which

ensnare the spiritual man. So with the other means, spiritual reading

and obedience. Each, in its action, is two-fold, wearing away the

psychical, and upbuilding the spiritual man.



3. These are the hindrances: the darkness of unwisdom, self-assertion,

lust hate, attachment.



Let us try to translate this into terms of the psychical and spiritual

man. The darkness of unwisdom is, primarily, the self-absorption of

the psychical man, his complete preoccupation with his own hopes and

fears, plans and purposes, sensations and desires; so that he fails to

see, or refuses to see, that there is a spiritual man; and so doggedly

resists all efforts of the spiritual man to cast off his psychic tyrant and

set himself free. This is the real darkness; and all those who deny the

immortality of the soul, or deny the soul's existence, and so lay out

their lives wholly for the psychical, mortal man and his ambitions, are

under this power of darkness. Born of this darkness, this psychic self-

absorption, is the dogged conviction that the psychic, personal man

has separate, exclusive interests, which he can follow for himself

alone; and this conviction, when put into practice in our life, leads to

contest with other personalities, and so to hate. This hate, again,

makes against the spiritual man, since it hinders the revelation of the

high harmony between the spiritual man and his other selves, a

harmony to be revealed only through the practice of love, that perfect

love which casts out fear.



In like manner, lust is the psychic man's craving for the stimulus of

sensation, the din of which smothers the voice of the spiritual man, as,

in Shakespeare's phrase, the cackling geese would drown the song of

the nightingale. And this craving for stimulus is the fruit of weakness,

coming from the failure to find strength in the primal life of the

spiritual man.



Attachment is but another name for psychic self-absorption; for we are

absorbed, not in outward things, but rather in their images within our

minds; our inner eyes are fixed on them; our inner desires brood over

them; and em we blind ourselves to the presence of the prisoner' the

enmeshed and fettered spiritual man.



4. The darkness of unwisdom is the field of the others. These

hindrances may be dormant, or worn thin, or suspended, or expanded.



Here we have really two Sutras in one. The first has been explained

already: in the darkness of unwisdom grow the parasites, hate, lust,

attachment. They are all outgrowths of the self-absorption of the

psychical self.



Next, we are told that these barriers may be either dormant, or

suspended, or expanded, or worn thin. Faults which are dormant will

be brought out through the pressure of life, or through the pressure of

strong aspiration. Thus expanded, they must be fought and conquered,

or, as Patanjali quaintly says, they must be worn thin,-as a veil might,

or the links of manacles.



5 The darkness of ignorance is: holding that which is unenduring,

impure, full of pain, not the Soul, to be eternal, pure, full of joy, the

Soul.



This we have really considered already. The psychic man is

unenduring, impure, full of pain, not the Soul, not the real Self. The

spiritual man is enduring, pure, full of joy, the real Self. The darkness

of unwisdom is, therefore, the self-absorption of the psychical,

personal man, to the exclusion of the spiritual man. It is the belief,

carried into action, that the personal man is the real man, the man for

whom we should toil, for whom we should build, for whom we should

live. This is that psychical man of whom it is said: he that soweth to

the flesh, shall of the flesh reap corruption.



6. Self -assertion comes from thinking of the Seer and the instrument

of vision as forming one self.



This is the fundamental idea of the Sankhya philosophy, of which the

Yoga is avowedly the practical side. To translate this into our terms,

we may say that the Seer is the spiritual man; the instrument of vision

is the psychical man, through which the spiritual man gains experience

of the outer world. But we turn the servant into the master. We

attribute to the psychical man, the personal self, a reality which really

belongs to the spiritual man alone; and so, thinking of the quality of

the spiritual man as belonging to the psychical, we merge the spiritual

man in the psychical; or, as the text says, we think of the two as

forming one self.



7. Lust is the resting in the sense of enjoyment.



This has been explained again and again. Sensation, as, for example,

the sense of taste, is meant to be the guide to action; in this case, the

choice of wholesome food, and the avoidance of poisonous and

hurtful things. But if we rest in the sense of taste, as a pleasure in

itself; rest, that is, in the psychical side of taste, we fall into gluttony,

and live to eat, instead of eating to live. So with the other great

organic power, the power of reproduction. This lust comes into being,

through resting in the sensation, and looking for pleasure from that.



8. Hate is the resting in the sense of pain.



Pain comes, for the most part, from the strife of personalities, the

jarring discords between psychic selves, each of which deems itself

supreme. A dwelling on this pain breeds hate, which tears the warring

selves yet further asunder, and puts new enmity between them, thus

hindering the harmony of the Real, the reconciliation through the

Soul.



9. Attachment is the desire toward life, even in the wise, carried

forward by its own energy.



The life here desired is the psychic life, the intensely vibrating life of

the psychical self. This prevails even in those who have attained much

wisdom, so long as it falls short of the wisdom of complete

renunciation, complete obedience to each least behest of the spiritual

man, and of the Master who guards and aids the spiritual man.



The desire of sensation, the desire of psychic life, reproduces itself,

carried on by its own energy and momentum; and hence comes the

circle of death and rebirth, death and rebirth, instead of the liberation

of the spiritual man.



10. These hindrances, when they have become subtle, are to be

removed by a countercurrent



The darkness of unwisdom is to be removed by the light of wisdom,

pursued through fervour, spiritual reading of holy teachings and of life

itself, and by obedience to the Master.



Lust is to be removed by pure aspiration of spiritual life, which,

bringing true strength and stability, takes away the void of weakness

which we try to fill by the stimulus of sensations.



Hate is to be overcome by love. The fear that arises through the sense

of separate, warring selves is to be stilled by the realization of the One

Self, the one soul in all. This realization is the perfect love that casts

out fear.



The hindrances are said to have become subtle when, by initial efforts,

they have been located and recognized in the psychic nature.



11. Their active turnings are to be removed by meditation.



Here is, in truth, the whole secret of Yoga, the science of the soul.

The active turnings, the strident vibrations, of selfishness, lust and hate

are to be stilled by meditation, by letting heart and mind dwell in

spiritual life, by lifting up the heart to the strong, silent life above,

which rests in the stillness of eternal love, and needs no harsh

vibration to convince it of true being.



12. The burden of bondage to sorrow has its root in these hindrances.

It will be felt in this life, or in a life not yet manifested.



The burden of bondage to sorrow has its root in the darkness of

unwisdom, in selfishness, in lust, in hate, in attachment to sensation.

All these are, in the last analysis, absorption in the psychical self; and

this means sorrow, because it means the sense of separateness, and

this means jarring discord and inevitable death. But the psychical self

will breed a new psychical self, in a new birth, and so new sorrows in

a life not yet manifest.



13. From this root there grow and ripen the fruits of birth, of the

life-span, of all that is tasted in life.



Fully to comment on this, would be to write a treatise on Karma and

its practical working in detail, whereby the place and time of the next

birth, its content and duration. are determined; and to do this the

present commentator is in no wise fitted. But this much is clearly

understood: that, through a kind of spiritual gravitation, the

incarnating self is drawn to a home and life-circle which will give it

scope and discipline; and its need of discipline is clearly conditioned

by its character, its standing, its accomplishment.



14. These bear fruits of rejoicing, or of affliction, as they are sprung

from holy or unholy works.



Since holiness is obedience to divine law, to the law of divine

harmony, and obedience to harmony strengthens that harmony in the

soul, which is the one true joy, therefore joy comes of holiness:

comes, indeed, in no other way. And as unholiness is disobedience,

and therefore discord, therefore unholiness makes for pain; and this

two-fold law is true, whether the cause take effect in this, or in a yet

unmanifested birth.



15. To him who possesses discernment, all personal life is misery,

because it ever waxes and wanes, is ever afflicted with restlessness,

makes ever new dynamic impresses in the mind; and because all its

activities war with each other.



The whole life of the psychic self is misery, because it ever waxes and

wanes; because birth brings inevitable death; because there is no

expectation without its shadow, fear. The life of the psychic self is

misery, because it is afflicted with restlessness; so that he who has

much, finds not satisfaction, but rather the whetted hunger for more.

The fire is not quenched by pouring oil on it; so desire is not quenched

by the satisfaction of desire. Again, the life of the psychic self is

misery, because it makes ever new dynamic impresses in the mind;

because a desire satisfied is but the seed from which springs the desire

to find like satisfaction again. The appetite comes in eating, as the

proverb says, and grows by what it feeds on. And the psychic self,

torn with conflicting desires, is ever the house divided against itself,

which must surely fall.



16. This pain is to be warded off, before it has come.



In other words, we cannot cure the pains of life by laying on them any

balm. We must cut the root, absorption in the psychical self. So it is

said, there is no cure for the misery of longing, but to fix the heart

upon the eternal.



17. The cause of what is to be warded off, is the absorption of the

Seer in things seen.



Here again we have the fundamental idea of the Sankhya, which is the

intellectual counterpart of the Yoga system. The cause of what is to

be warded off, the root of misery, is the absorption of consciousness

in the psychical man and the things which beguile the psychical man.

The cure is liberation.







18. Things seen have as their property manifestation, action, inertia.

They form the basis of the elements and the sense-powers. They make

for experience and for liberation.



Here is a whole philosophy of life. Things seen, the total of the

phenomena, possess as their property, manifestation, action, inertia:

the qualities of force and matter in combination. These, in their

grosser form, make the material world; in their finer, more subjective

form, they make the psychical world, the world of sense-impressions

and mind-images. And through this totality of the phenomenal, the

soul gains experience, and is prepared for liberation. In other words,

the whole outer world exists for the purposes of the soul, and finds in

this its true reason for being.



19. The grades or layers of the Three Potencies are the defined, the

undefined, that with distinctive mark, that without distinctive mark.



Or, as we might say, there are two strata of the physical, and two

strata of the psychical realms. In each, there is the side of form, and

the side of force. The form side of the physical is here called the

defined. The force side of the physical is the undefined, that which has

no boundaries. So in the psychical; there is the form side; that with

distinctive marks, such as the characteristic features of mind-images;

and there is the force side, without distinctive marks, such as the

forces of desire or fear, which may flow now to this mind-image, now

to that.



20. The Seer is pure vision. Though pure, he looks out through the

vesture of the mind.



The Seer, as always, is the spiritual man whose deepest consciousness

is pure vision, the pure life of the eternal. But the spiritual man, as yet

unseeing in his proper person, looks out on the world through the eyes

of the psychical man, by whom he is enfolded and enmeshed. The task

is, to set this prisoner free, to clear the dust of ages from this buried

temple.



21. The very essence of things seen is, that they exist for the Seer.



The things of outer life, not only material things, but the psychic man

also, exist in very deed for the purposes of the Seer, the Soul, the

spiritual man Disaster comes, when the psychical man sets up, so to

speak, on his own account, trying to live for himself alone, and taking

material things to solace his loneliness.



22. Though fallen away from him who has reached the goal, things

seen have not alto fallen away, since they still exist for others.



When one of us conquers hate, hate does not thereby cease out of the

world, since others still hate and suffer hatred. So with other

delusions, which hold us in bondage to material things, and through

which we look at all material things. When the coloured veil of illusion

is gone, the world which we saw through it is also gone, for now we

see life as it is, in the white radiance of eternity. But for others the

coloured veil remains, and therefore the world thus coloured by it

remains for them, and will remain till they, too, conquer delusion.



23. The association of the Seer with things seen is the cause of the

realizing of the nature of things seen, and also of the realizing of the

nature of the Seer.



Life is educative. All life's infinite variety is for discipline, for the

development of the soul. So passing through many lives, the Soul

learns the secrets of the world, the august laws that are written in the

form of the snow-crystal or the majestic order of the stars. Yet all

these laws are but reflections, but projections outward, of the laws of

the soul; therefore in learning these, the soul learns to know itself. All

life is but the mirror wherein the Soul learns to know its own face.



24. The cause of this association is the darkness of unwisdom.



The darkness of unwisdom is the absorption of consciousness in the

personal life, and in the things seen by the personal life. This is the fall,

through which comes experience, the learning of the lessons of life.

When they are learned, the day of redemption is at hand.



25. The bringing of this association to an end, by bringing the

darkness of unwisdom to an end, is the great liberation; this is the

Seer's attainment of his own pure being.



When the spiritual man has, through the psychical, learned all life's

lessons, the time has come for him to put off the veil and disguise of

the psychical and to stand revealed a King, in the house of the Father.

So shall he enter into his kingdom, and go no more out.



26. A discerning which is carried on without wavering is the means of

liberation.



Here we come close to the pure Vedanta, with its discernment

between the eternal and the temporal. St. Paul, following after Philo

and Plato, lays down the same fundamental principle: the things seen

are temporal, the things unseen are eternal.



Patanjali means something more than an intellectual assent, though

this too is vital. He has in view a constant discriminating in act as well

as thought; of the two ways which present themselves for every deed

or choice, always to choose the higher way, that which makes for the

things eternal: honesty rather than roguery, courage and not

cowardice, the things of another rather than one's own, sacrifice and

not indulgence. This true discernment, carried out constantly, makes

for liberation.



27. His illuminations is sevenfold, rising In successive stages.



Patanjali's text does not tell us what the seven stages of this

illumination are. The commentator thus describes them;



First, the danger to be escaped is recognized; it need not be

recognized a second time. Second, the causes of the danger to be

escaped are worn away; they need not be worn away a second time.

Third, the way of escape is clearly perceived, by the contemplation

which checks psychic perturbation. Fourth, the means of escape, clear

discernment, has been developed. This is the fourfold release

belonging to insight. The final release from the psychic is three-fold:

As fifth of the seven degrees, the dominance of its thinking is ended;

as sixth, its potencies, like rocks from a precipice, fall of themselves;

once dissolved, they do not grow again. Then, as seventh, freed from

these potencies, the spiritual man stands forth in his own nature as

purity and light. Happy is the spiritual man who beholds this

seven-fold illumination in its ascending stages.



28. From steadfastly following after the means of Yoga, until impurity

is worn away, there comes the illumination of thought up to full

discernment.



Here, we enter on the more detailed practical teaching of Patanjali,

with its sound and luminous good sense. And when we come to detail

the means of Yoga, we may well be astonished at their simplicity.

There is little in them that is mysterious. They are very familiar. The

essence of the matter lies in carrying them out.



29. The eight means of Yoga are: the Commandments, the Rules,

right Poise, right Control of the life-force, Withdrawal, Attention,

Meditation, Contemplation.



These eight means are to be followed in their order, in the sense which

will immediately be made clear. We can get a ready understanding of

the first two by comparing them with the Commandments which must

be obeyed by all good citizens, and the Rules which are laid on the

members of religious orders. Until one has fulfilled the first, it is futile

to concern oneself with the second. And so with all the means of

Yoga. They must be taken in their order.



30. The Commandments are these: nom injury, truthfulness, abstaining

from stealing, from impurity, from covetousness.



These five precepts are almost exactly the same as the Buddhist

Commandments: not to kill, not to steal, not to be guilty of

incontinence, not to drink intoxicants, to speak the truth. Almost

identical is St. Paul's list: Thou shalt not commit adultery, thou shalt

not kill, thou shalt not steal, thou shalt not covet. And in the same

spirit is the answer made to the young map having great possessions,

who asked, What shall I do to be saved? and received the reply: Keep

the Commandments.



This broad, general training, which forms and develops human

character, must be accomplished to a very considerable degree, before

there can be much hope of success in the further stages of spiritual

life. First the psychical, and then the spiritual. First the man, then the

angel. On this broad, humane and wise foundation does the system of

Patanjali rest.



31. The Commandments, not limited to any race, place, time or

occasion, universal, are the great obligation.



The Commandments form the broad general training of humanity.

Each one of them rests on a universal, spiritual law. Each one of them

expresses an attribute or aspect of the Self, the Eternal; when we

violate one of the Commandments, we set ourselves against the law

and being of the Eternal, thereby bringing ourselves to inevitable con

fusion. So the first steps in spiritual life must be taken by bringing

ourselves into voluntary obedience to these spiritual laws and thus

making ourselves partakers of the spiritual powers, the being of the

Eternal Like the law of gravity, the need of air to breathe, these great

laws know no exceptions They are in force in all lands, throughout al

times, for all mankind.



32. The Rules are these: purity, serenity fervent aspiration, spiritual

reading, and per feet obedience to the Master.



Here we have a finer law, one which humanity as a whole is less ready

for, less fit to obey. Yet we can see that these Rules are the same in

essence as the Commandments, but on a higher, more spiritual plane.

The Commandments may be obeyed in outer acts and abstinences; the

Rules demand obedience of the heart and spirit, a far more awakened

and more positive consciousness. The Rules are the spiritual

counterpart of the Commandments, and they have finer degrees, for

more advanced spiritual growth.



33. When transgressions hinder, the weight of the imagination should

be thrown' on the opposite side.



Let us take a simple case, that of a thief, a habitual criminal, who has

drifted into stealing in childhood, before the moral consciousness has

awakened. We may imprison such a thief, and deprive him of all

possibility of further theft, or of using the divine gift of will. Or we

may recognize his disadvantages, and help him gradually to build up

possessions which express his will, and draw forth his self-respect. If

we imagine that, after he has built well, and his possessions have

become dear to him, he himself is robbed, then we can see how he

would come vividly to realize the essence of theft and of honesty, and

would cleave to honest dealings with firm conviction. In some such

way does the great Law teach us. Our sorrows and losses teach us the

pain of the sorrow and loss we inflict on others, and so we cease to

inflict them.



Now as to the more direct application. To conquer a sin. let heart and

mind rest, not on the sin, but on the contrary virtue. Let the sin be

forced out by positive growth in the true direction, not by direct

opposition. Turn away from the sin and go forward courageously,

constructively, creatively, in well-doing. In this way the whole nature

will gradually be drawn up to the higher level, on which the sin does

not even exist. The conquest of a sin is a matter of growth and

evolution, rather than of opposition.



34. Transgressions are injury, falsehood, theft, incontinence, envy;

whether committed, or caused, or assented to, through greed, wrath,

or infatuation; whether faint, or middling, or excessive; bearing

endless, fruit of ignorance and pain. Therefore must the weight be cast

on the other side.



Here are the causes of sin: greed, wrath, infatuation, with their effects,

ignorance and pain. The causes are to be cured by better wisdom, by

a truer understanding of the Self, of Life. For greed cannot endure

before the realization that the whole world belongs to the Self, which

Self we are; nor can we hold wrath against one who is one with the

Self, and therefore with ourselves; nor can infatuation, which is the

seeking for the happiness of the All in some limited part of it, survive

the knowledge that we are heirs of the All. Therefore let thought and

imagination, mind and heart, throw their weight on the other side; the

side, not of the world,.but of the Self.



35. Where non-injury is perfected, all enmity ceases in the presence of

him who possesses it.



We come now to the spiritual powers which result from keeping the

Commandments; from the obedience to spiritual law which is the

keeping of the Commandments. Where the heart is full of kindness

which seeks no injury to another, either in act or thought or wish, this

full love creates an atmosphere of harmony, whose benign power

touches with healing all who come within its influence. Peace in the

heart radiates peace to other hearts, even more surely than contention

breeds contention.



36. When he is perfected in truth, all acts and their fruits depend on

him.



The commentator thus explains: If he who has attained should say to

a man, Become righteous! the man becomes righteous. If he should

say, Gain heaven ! the man gains heaven. His word is not in vain.



Exactly the same doctrine was taught by the Master who said to his

disciples: Receive ye the Holy Ghost: whose soever sins ye re mit they

are remitted unto them; and whose soever sins ye retain, they are

retained.



37. Where cessation from theft is perfected, all treasures present

themselves to him who possesses it.



Here is a sentence which may warn us that, beside the outer and

apparent meaning, there is in many of these sentences a second and

finer significance. The obvious meaning is, that he who has wholly

ceased from theft, in act, thought and wish, finds buried treasures in

his path, treasures of jewels and gold and pearls. The deeper truth is,

that he who in every least thing is wholly honest with the spirit of Life,

finds Life supporting him in all things, and gains admittance to the

treasure house of Life, the spiritual universe.



38. For him who is perfect in continence, the reward is valour and

virility.



The creative power, strong and full of vigour, is no longer dissipated,

but turned to spiritual uses. It upholds and endows the spiritual man,

conferring on him the creative will, the power to engender spiritual

children instead of bodily progeny. An epoch of life, that of man the

animal, has come to an end; a new epoch, that of the spiritual man, is

opened. The old creative power is superseded and transcended; a new

creative power, that of the spiritual man, takes its place, carrying with

it the power to work creatively in others for righteousness and eternal

life.



One of the commentaries says that he who has attained is able to

transfer to the minds of his disciples what he knows concerning divine

union, and the means of gaining it. This is one of the powers of purity.



39. Where there is firm conquest of covetousness, he who has

conquered it awakes to the how and why of life.



So it is said that, before we can understand the laws of Karma, we

must free ourselves from Karma. The conquest of covetousness brings

this rich fruit, because the root of covetousness is the desire of the

individual soul, the will toward manifested life. And where the desire

of the individual soul is overcome by the superb, still life of the

universal Soul welling up in the heart within, the great secret is

discerned, the secret that the individual soul is not an isolated reality,

but the ray, the manifest instrument of the Life, which turns it this way

and that until the great work is accomplished, the age-long lesson

learned. Thus is the how and why of life disclosed by ceasing from

covetousness. The Commentator says that this includes a knowledge

of one's former births.



40. Through purity a withdrawal from one's own bodily life, a ceasing

from infatuation with the bodily life of others.



As the spiritual light grows in the heart within, as the taste for pure

Life grows stronger, the consciousness opens toward the great, secret

places within, where all life is one, where all lives are one. Thereafter,

this outer, manifested, fugitive life, whether of ourselves or of others,

loses something of its charm and glamour, and we seek rather the

deep infinitudes. Instead of the outer form and surroundings of our

lives, we long for their inner and everlasting essence. We desire not so

much outer converse and closeness to our friends, but rather that quiet

communion with them in the inner chamber of the soul, where spirit

speaks to spirit, and spirit answers; where alienation and separation

never enter; where sickness and sorrow and death cannot come.



41. To the pure of heart come also a quiet spirit, one-pointed thought,

the victory over sensuality, and fitness to behold the Soul.



Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God, who is the

supreme Soul; the ultimate Self of all beings. In the deepest sen se ,

purity means fitness for this vision, and also a heart cleansed from all

disquiet, from all wandering and unbridled thought, from the torment

of sensuous imaginings; and when the spirit is thus cleansed and pure,

it becomes at one in essence with its source, the great Spirit, the

primal Life. One consciousness now thrills through both, for the

psychic partition wall is broken down. Then shall the pure in heart see

God, because they become God.



42. From acceptance, the disciple gains happiness supreme.



One of the wise has said: accept conditions, accept others, accept

yourself. This is the true acceptance, for all these things are what they

are through the will of the higher Self, except their deficiencies, which

come through thwarting the will of the higher Self, and can be

conquered only through compliance with that will. By the true

acceptance, the disciple comes into oneness of spirit with the

overruling Soul; and, since the own nature of the Soul is being,

happiness, bliss, he comes thereby into happiness supreme.



43. The perfection of the powers of the bodily vesture comes through

the wearing away of impurities, and through fervent aspiration.



This is true of the physical powers, and of those which dwell in the

higher vestures. There must be, first, purity; as the blood must be

pure, before one can attain to physical health. But absence of impurity

is not in itself enough, else would many nerveless ascetics of the

cloisters rank as high saints. There is needed, further, a positive fire of

the will; a keen vital vigour for the physical powers, and something

finer, purer, stronger, but of kindred essence, for the higher powers.

The fire of genius is something more than a phrase, for there can be

no genius without the celestial fire of the awakened spiritual will.



44. Through spiritual reading, the disciple gains communion with the

divine Power on which his heart is set.



Spiritual reading meant, for ancient India, something more than it does

with us. It meant, first, the recital of sacred texts, which, in their very

sounds, had mystical potencies; and it meant a recital of texts which

were divinely emanated, and held in themselves the living, potent

essence of the divine.



For us, spiritual reading means a communing with the recorded

teachings of the Masters of wisdom, whereby we read ourselves into

the Master's mind, just as through his music one can enter into the

mind and soul of the master musician. It has been well said that all

true art is contagion of feeling; so that through the true reading of true

books we do indeed read ourselves into the spirit of the Masters, share

in the atmosphere of their wisdom and power, and come at last into

their very presence.



45. Soul-vision is perfected through perfect obedience to the Master.



The sorrow and darkness of life come of the erring personal will

which sets itself against the will of the Soul, the one great Life. The

error of the personal will is inevitable, since each will must be free to

choose, to try and fail, and so to find the path. And sorrow and

darkness are inevitable, until the path be found, and the personal will

made once more one with the greater Will, wherein it finds rest and

power, without losing freedom. In His will is our peace. And with that

peace comes light. Soul-vision is perfected through obedience.



46. Right poise must be firm and without strain.



Here we approach a section of the teaching which has manifestly

a two-fold meaning. The first is physical, and concerns the bodily

position of the student, and the regulation of breathing.

These things have their direct influence upon soul-life, the life

of the spiritual man, since it is always and everywhere true

that our study demands a sound mind in a sound body.

The present sentence declares that, for work and for meditation,

the position of the body must be steady and without strain, in order

that the finer currents of life may run their course.



It applies further to the poise of the soul, that fine balance and stability

which nothing can shake, where the consciousness rests on the firm

foundation of spiritual being. This is indeed the house set upon a rock,

which the winds and waves beat upon in vain.





47. Right poise is to be gained by steady and temperate effort, and by

setting the heart upon the everlasting.



Here again, there is the two-fold meaning, for physical poise is to be

gained by steady effort of the muscles, by gradual and wise training,

linked with a right understanding of, and relation with, the universal

force of gravity. Uprightness of body demands that both these

conditions shall be fulfilled.



In like manner the firm and upright poise of the spiritual man is to be

gained by steady and continued effort, always guided by wisdom, and

by setting the heart on the Eternal, filling the soul with the atmosphere

of the spiritual world. Neither is effective without the other.

Aspiration without effort brings weakness; effort without aspiration

brings a false strength, not resting on enduring things. The two

together make for the right poise which sets the spiritual man firmly

and steadfastly on his feet.



48 The fruit of right poise is the strength to resist the shocks of

infatuation or sorrow.



In the simpler physical sense, which is also coveted by the wording of

the original, this sentence means that wise effort establishes such

bodily poise that the accidents of life cannot disturb it, as the captain

remains steady, though disaster overtake his ship.



But the deeper sense is far more important. The spiritual man, too,

must learn to withstand all shocks, to remain steadfast through the

perturbations of external things and the storms and whirlwinds of the

psychical world. This is the power which is gained by wise,

continuous effort, and by filling the spirit with the atmosphere of the

Eternal.



49. When this is gained, there follows the right guidance of the

life-currents, the control of the incoming and outgoing breath.



It is well understood to-day that most of our maladies come from

impure conditions of the blood. It is coming to be understood that

right breathing, right oxygenation, will do very much to keep the

blood clean and pure. Therefore a right knowledge of breathing is a

part of the science of life.



But the deeper meaning is, that the spiritual man, when he has gained

poise through right effort and aspiration, can stand firm, and guide the

currents of his life, both the incoming current of events, and the

outgoing current of his acts.



Exactly the same symbolism is used in the saying: Not that which

goeth into the mouth defileth a man; but that which cometh out of the

mouth, this defileth a man.... Those things which proceed out of the

mouth come forth from the heart . . out of the heart proceed evil

thoughts, murders, uncleanness, thefts, false witness, blasphemies.

Therefore the first step in purification is to keep the Commandments.



50. The life-current is either outward, or inward, or balanced; it is

regulated according to place, time, number; it is prolonged and subtle.



The technical, physical side of this has its value. In the breath, there

should be right inbreathing, followed by the period of pause, when the

air comes into contact with the blood, and this again followed by right

outbreathing, even, steady, silent. Further, the lungs should be evenly

filled; many maladies may arise from the neglect and consequent

weakening of some region of the lungs. And the number of breaths is

so important, so closely related to health, that every nurse's chart

records it.



But the deeper meaning is concerned with the currents of life; with

that which goeth into and cometh out of the heart.



51. The fourth degree transcends external and internal objects.



The inner meaning seems to be that, in addition to the three degrees

of control already described, control, that is, over the incoming

current of life, over the outgoing current, and over the condition of

pause or quiesence, there is a fourth degree of control, which holds in

complete mastery both the outer passage of events and the inner

currents of thoughts and emotions; a condition of perfect poise and

stability in the midst of the flux of things outward and inward.



52. Thereby is worn away the veil which covers up the light.



The veil is the psychic nature, the web of emotions, desires,

argumentative trains of thought, which cover up and obscure the truth

by absorbing the entire attention and keeping the consciousness in the

psychic realm. When hopes and fears are reckoned at their true worth,

in comparison with lasting possessions of the Soul; when the outer

reflections of things have ceased to distract us from inner realities;

when argumentative - thought no longer entangles us, but yields its

place to flashing intuition, the certainty which springs from within;

then is the veil worn away, the consciousness is drawn from the

psychical to the spiritual, from the temporal to the Eternal. Then is the

light unveiled.



53. Thence comes the mind's power to hold itself in the light.



It has been well said, that what we most need is the faculty of spiritual

attention; and in the same direction of thought it has been eloquently

declared that prayer does not consist in our catching God's attention,

but rather in our allowing God to hold our attention.



The vital matter is, that we need to disentangle our consciousness

from the noisy and perturbed thraldom of the psychical, and to come

to consciousness as the spiritual man. This we must do, first, by

purification, through the Commandments and the Rules; and, second,

through the faculty of spiritual attention, by steadily heeding endless

fine intimations of the spiritual power within us, and by intending our

consciousness thereto; thus by degrees transferring the centre of

consciousness from the psychical to the spiritual. It is a question, first,

of love, and then of attention.



54. The right Withdrawal is the disengaging of the powers from

entanglement in outer things, as the psychic nature has been

withdrawn and stilled.



To understand this, let us reverse the process, and think of the one

consciousness, centred in the Soul, gradually expanding and taking on

the form of the different perceptive powers; the one will, at the same

time, differentiating itself into the varied powers of action.



Now let us imagine this to be reversed, so that the spiritual force,

which has gone into the differentiated powers, is once more gathered

together into the inner power of intuition and spiritual will, taking on

that unity which is the hall- mark of spiritual things, as diversity is the

seal of material things.



It is all a matter of love for the quality of spiritual consciousness, as

against psychical consciousness, of love and attention. For where the

heart is, there will the treasure be also; where the consciousness is,

there will the vesture with its powers be developed.



55. Thereupon follows perfect mastery over the powers.



When the spiritual condition which we have described is reached, with

its purity, poise, and illuminated vision, the spiritual man is coming

into his inheritance, and gaining complete mastery of his powers.



Indeed, much of the struggle to keep the Commandments and the

Rules has been paving the way for this mastery; through this very

struggle and sacrifice the mastery has become possible; just as, to use

St. Paul's simile, the athlete gains the mastery in the contest and the

race through the sacrifice of his long and arduous training. Thus he

gains the crown.

















INTRODUCTION TO BOOK III



The third book of the Sutras is the Book of Spiritual Powers. In

considering these spiritual powers, two things must be understood and

kept in memory. The first of these is this: These spiritual powers can

only be gained when the development described in the first and second

books has been measurably attained; when the Commandments have

been kept, the Rules faithfully followed, and the experiences which are

described have been passed through. For only after this is the spiritual

man so far grown, so far disentangled from the psychical bandages

and veils which have confined and blinded him, that he can use his

proper powers and faculties. For this is the secret of all spiritual

powers: they are in no sense an abnormal or supernatural overgrowth

upon the material man, but are rather the powers and faculties inherent

in the spiritual man, entirely natural to him, and coming naturally into

activity, as the spiritual man is disentangled and liberated from

psychical bondage, through keeping the Commandments and Rules

already set forth.



As the personal man is the limitation and inversion of the spiritual

man, all his faculties and powers are inversions of the powers of the

spiritual man. In a single phrase, his self seeking is the inversion of the

Self-seeking which is the very being of the spiritual man: the ceaseless

search after the divine and august Self of all beings. This inversion is

corrected by keeping the Commandments and Rules, and gradually,

as the inversion is overcome, the spiritual man is extricated, and

comes into possession and free exercise of his powers. The spiritual

powers, therefore, are the powers of the grown and liberated spiritual

man. They can only be developed and used as the spiritual man grows

and attains liberation through obedience. This is the first thing to be

kept in mind, in all that is said of spiritual powers in the third and

fourth books of the Sutras. The second thing to be understood and

kept in mind is this:



Just as our modern sages have discerned and taught that all matter is

ultimately one and eternal, definitely related throughout the whole

wide universe; just as they have discerned and taught that all force is

one and eternal, so coordinated throughout the whole universe that

whatever affects any atom measurably affects the whole boundless

realm of matter and force, to the most distant star or nebula on the

dim confines of space; so the ancient sages had discerned and taught

that all consciousness is one, immortal, indivisible, infinite; so finely

correlated and continuous that whatever is perceived by any

consciousness is, whether actually or potentially, within the reach of

all consciousness, and therefore within the reach of any consciousness.

This has been well expressed by saying that all souls are fundamentally

one with the Oversoul; that the Son of God, and all Sons of God, are

fundamentally one with the Father. When the consciousness is cleared

of psychic bonds and veils, when the spiritual man is able to stand, to

see, then this superb law comes into effect: whatever is within the

knowledge of any consciousness, and this includes the whole infinite

universe, is within his reach, and may, if he wills, be made a part of his

consciousness. This he may attain through his fundamental unity with

the Oversoul, by raising himself toward the consciousness above him,

and drawing on its resources. The Son, if he would work miracles,

whether of perception or of action, must come often into the presence

of the Father. This is the birthright of the spiritual man; through it he

comes into possession of his splendid and immortal powers. Let it be

clearly kept in mind that what is here to be related of the spiritual man,

and his exalted powers, must in no wise be detached from what has

gone before. The being, the very inception, of the spiritual man

depends on the purification and moral attainment already detailed, and

can in no wise dispense with these or curtail them.



Let no one imagine that the true life, the true powers of the spiritual

man, can be attained by any way except the hard way of sacrifice, of

trial, of renunciation, of selfless self-conquest and genuine devotion to

the weal of all others. Only thus can the golden gates be reached and

entered. Only thus can we attain to that pure world wherein the

spiritual man lives, and moves, and has his being. Nothing impure,

nothing unholy can ever cross that threshold, least of all impure

motives or self seeking desires. These must be burnt away before an

entrance to that world can be gained.



But where there is light, there is shadow; and the lofty light of the soul

casts upon the clouds of the mid-world the shadow of the spiritual

man and of his powers; the bastard vesture and the bastard powers of

psychism are easily attained; yet, even when attained, they are a

delusion, the very essence of unreality.



Therefore ponder well the earlier rules, and lay a firm foundation of

courage, sacrifice, selflessness, holiness.





BOOK III



1. The binding of the perceiving consciousness to a certain region is

attention (dharana).



Emerson quotes Sir Isaac Newton as saying that he made his great

discoveries by intending his mind on them. That is what is meant here.

I read the page of a book while inking of something else. At the end

of he page, I have no idea of what it is about, and read it again, still

thinking of something else, with the same result. Then I wake up, so

to speak, make an effort of attention, fix my thought on what I am

reading, and easily take in its meaning. The act of will, the effort of

attention, the intending of the mind on each word and line of the page,

just as the eyes are focussed on each word and line, is the power here

contemplated. It is the power to focus the consciousness on a given

spot, and hold it there Attention is the first and indispensable step in

all knowledge. Atten. tion to spiritual things is the first step to

spiritual knowledge.



2. A prolonged holding of the perceiving consciousness in that region

is meditation (dhyana).



This will apply equally to outer and inner things. I may for a moment

fix my attention on some visible object, in a single penetrating glance,

or I may hold the attention fixedly on it until it reveals far more of its

nature than a single glance could perceive. The first is the focussing

of the searchlight of consciousness upon the object. The other is the

holding of the white beam of light steadily and persistently on the

object, until it yields up the secret of its details. So for things within;

one may fix the inner glance for a moment on spiritual things, or one

may hold the consciousness steadily upon them, until what was in the

dark slowly comes forth into the light, and yields up its immortal

secret. But this is possible only for the spiritual man, after the

Commandments and the Rules have been kept; for until this is done,

the thronging storms of psychical thoughts dissipate and distract the

attention, so that it will not remain fixed on spiritual things. The cares

of this world, the deceitfulness of riches, choke the word of the

spiritual message.



3. When the perceiving consciousness in this meditative is wholly

given to illuminating the essential meaning of the object contemplated,

and is freed from the sense of separateness and personality, this is

contemplation (samadhi).



Let us review the steps so far taken. First, the beam of perceiving

consciousness is focussed on a certain region or subject, through the

effort of attention. Then this attending consciousness is held on its

object. Third, there is the ardent will to know its meaning, to illumine

it with comprehending thought. Fourth, all personal bias - all desire

merely to indorse a previous opinion and so prove oneself right, and

all desire for personal profit or gratification must be quite put away.

There must be a purely disinterested love of truth for its own sake.

Thus is the perceiving consciousness made void, as it were, of all

personality or sense of separateness. The personal limitation stands

aside and lets the All-consciousness come to bear upon the problem.

The Oversoul bends its ray upon the object, and illumines it with pure

light.



4. When these three, Attention, Meditation Contemplation, are

exercised at once, this is perfectly concentrated Meditation (sanyama).



When the personal limitation of the perceiving consciousness stands

aside, and allows the All-conscious to come to bear upon the problem,

then arises that real knowledge which is called a flash of genius; that

real knowledge which makes discoveries, and without which no

discovery can be made, however painstaking the effort. For genius is

the vision of the spiritual man, and that vision is a question of growth

rather than present effort; though right effort, rightly continued, will

in time infallibly lead to growth and vision. Through the power thus

to set aside personal limitation, to push aside petty concerns and

cares, and steady the whole nature and will in an ardent love of truth

and desire to know it; through the power thus to make way for the

All-consciousness, all great men make their discoveries. Newton,

watching the apple fall to the earth, was able to look beyond, to see

the subtle waves of force pulsating through apples and worlds and

suns and galaxies. and thus to perceive universal gravitation. The

Oversoul, looking through his eyes, recognized the universal force,

one of its own children. Darwin, watching the forms and motions of

plants and animals, let the same august consciousness come to bear on

them, and saw infinite growth perfected through ceaseless struggle.

He perceived the superb process of evolution, the Oversoul once more

recognizing its own. Fraunhofer, noting the dark lines in the band of

sunlight in his spectroscope, divined their identity with the bright lines

in the spectra of incandescent iron, sodium and the rest, and so saw

the oneness of substance in the worlds and suns, the unity of the

materials of the universe. Once again the Oversoul, looking with his

eyes, recognized its own. So it is with all true knowledge. But the

mind must transcend its limitations, its idiosyncrasies; there must be

purity, for to the pure in heart is the promise, that they shall see God.



5. By mastering this perfectly concentrated Meditation, there comes

the illumination of perception.



The meaning of this is illustrated bywhat has been said before.

When the spiritual man is able to throw aside the trammels of emotional

and mental limitation, and to open his eyes, he sees clearly, he attains

to illuminated perception. A poet once said that Occultism

is the conscious cultivation of genius; and it is

certain that the awakened spiritual man attains to the perceptions of

genius. Genius is the vision, the power, of the spiritual man, whether

its possessor recognizes this or not. All true knowledge is of the

spiritual man. The greatest in all ages have recognized this and put

their testimony on record. The great in wisdom who have not

consciously recognized it, have ever been full of the spirit of

reverence, of selfless devotion to truth, of humility, as was Darwin;

and reverence and humility are the unconscious recognition of the

nearness of the Spirit, that Divinity which broods over us, a Master

o'er a slave.



6. This power is distributed in ascending degrees.



It is to be attained step by step. It is a question, not of miracle, but of

evolution, of growth. Newton had to master the multiplication table,

then the four rules of arithmetic, then the rudiments of algebra, before

he came to the binomial theorem. At each point, there was attention,

concentration, insight; until these were attained, no progress to the

next point was possible. So with Darwin. He had to learn the form and

use of leaf and flower, of bone and muscle; the characteristics of

genera and species; the distribution of plants and animals, before he

had in mind that nexus of knowledge on which the light of his great

idea was at last able to shine. So is it with all knowledge. So is it with

spiritual knowledge. Take the matter this way: The first subject for the

exercise of my spiritual insight is my day, with its circumstances, its

hindrances, its opportunities, its duties. I do what I can to solve it, to

fulfil its duties, to learn its lessons. I try to live my day with aspiration

and faith. That is the first step. By doing this, I gather a harvest for the

evening, I gain a deeper insight into life, in virtue of which I begin the

next day with a certain advantage, a certain spiritual advance and

attainment. So with all successive days. In faith and aspiration, we

pass from day to day, in growing knowledge and power, with never

more than one day to solve at a time, until all life becomes radiant and

transparent.



7. This threefold power, of Attention, Meditation, Contemplation, is

more interior than the means of growth previously described.



Very naturally so; because the means of growth previously described

were concerned with the extrication of the spiritual man from psychic

bondages and veils; while this threefold power is to be exercised by

the spiritual man thus extricated and standing on his feet, viewing life

with open eyes.



8. But this triad is still exterior to the soul vision which is

unconditioned, free from the seed of mental analyses.



The reason is this: The threefold power we have been considering, the

triad of Attention, Contemplation, Meditation is, so far as we have yet

considered it, the focussing of the beam of perceiving consciousness

upon some form of manifesting being, with a view of understanding

it completely. There is a higher stage, where the beam of

consciousness is turned back upon itself, and the individual

consciousness enters into, and knows, the All consciousness. This is

a being, a being in immortality, rather than a knowing; it is free from

mental analysis or mental forms. It is not an activity of the higher

mind, even the mind of the spiritual man. It is an activity of the soul.

Had Newton risen to this higher stage, he would have known, not the

laws of motion, but that high Being, from whose Life comes eternal

motion. Had Darwin risen to this, he would have seen the Soul, whose

graduated thought and being all evolution expresses. There are,

therefore, these two perceptions: that of living things, and that of the

Life; that of the Soul's works, and that of the Soul itself.



9. One of the ascending degrees is the development of Control. First

there is the overcoming of the mind-impress of excitation. Then comes

the manifestation of the mind-impress of Control. Then the perceiving

consciousness follows after the moment of Control.



This is the development of Control. The meaning seems to be this:

Some object enters the field of observation, and at first violently

excites the mind, stirring up curiosity, fear, wonder; then the

consciousness returns upon itself, as it were, and takes the perception

firmly in hand, steadying itself, and viewing the matter calmly from

above. This steadying effort of the will upon the perceiving

consciousness is Control, and immediately upon it follows perception,

understanding, insight.



Take a trite example. Supposing one is walking in an Indian forest. A

charging elephant suddenly appears. The man is excited by

astonishment, and, perhaps, terror. But he exercises an effort of will,

perceives the situation in its true bearings, and recognizes that a

certain thing must be done; in this case, probably, that he must get out

of the way as quickly as possible.



Or a comet, unheralded, appears in the sky like a flaming sword. The

beholder is at first astonished, perhaps terror-stricken; but he takes

himself in hand, controls his thoughts, views the apparition calmly,

and finally calculates its orbit and its relation to meteor showers.



These are extreme illustrations; but with all knowledge the order of

perception is the same: first, the excitation of the mind by the new

object impressed on it; then the control of the mind from within; upon

which follows the perception of the nature of the object. Where the

eyes of the spiritual man are open, this will be a true and penetrating

spiritual perception. In some such way do our living experiences come

to us; first, with a shock of pain; then the Soul steadies itself and

controls the pain; then the spirit perceives the lesson of the event, and

its bearing upon the progressive revelation of life.



10. Through frequent repetition of this process, the mind becomes

habituated to it, and there arises an equable flow of perceiving

consciousness.



Control of the mind by the Soul, like control of the muscles by the

mind, comes by practice, and constant voluntary repetition.



As an example of control of the muscles by the mind, take the

ceaseless practice by which a musician gains mastery over his

instrument, or a fencer gains skill with a rapier. Innumerable small

efforts of attention will make a result which seems well-nigh

miraculous; which, for the novice, is really miraculous. Then consider

that far more wonderful instrument, the perceiving mind, played on by

that fine musician, the Soul. Here again, innumerable small efforts of

attention will accumulate into mastery, and a mastery worth winning.

For a concrete example, take the gradual conquest of each day, the

effort to live that day for the Soul. To him that is faithful unto death,

the Master gives the crown of life.



11. The gradual conquest of the mind's tendency to flit from one

object to another, and the power of one-pointedness, make the

development of Contemplation.



As an illustration of the mind's tendency to flit from one object to

another, take a small boy, learning arithmetic. He begins: two ones are

two; three ones are three-and then he thinks of three coins in his

pocket, which will purchase so much candy, in the store down the

street, next to the toy-shop, where are base-balls, marbles and so on,

-and then he comes back with a jerk, to four ones are four. So with us

also. We are seeking the meaning of our task, but the mind takes

advantage of a moment of slackened attention, and flits off from one

frivolous detail to another, till we suddenly come back to

consciousness after traversing leagues of space. We must learn to

conquer this, and to go back within ourselves into the beam of

perceiving consciousness itself, which is a beam of the Oversoul. This

is the true onepointedness, the bringing of our consciousness to a

focus in the Soul.



12. When, following this, the controlled manifold tendency and the

aroused one-pointedness are equally balanced parts of the perceiving

consciousness, his the development of one-pointedness.



This would seem to mean that the insight which is called

one-pointedness has two sides, equally balanced. There is, first, the

manifold aspect of any object, the sum of all its characteristics and

properties. This is to be held firmly in the mind. Then there is the

perception of the object as a unity, as a whole, the perception of its

essence. First, the details must be clearly perceived; then the essence

must be comprehended. When the two processes are equally balanced,

the true onepointedness is attained. Everything has these two sides,

the side of difference and the side of unity; there is the individual and

there is the genus; the pole of matter and diversity, and the pole of

oneness and spirit. To see the object truly, we must see both.



13. Through this, the inherent character, distinctive marks and

conditions of being and powers, according to their development, are

made clear.



By the power defined in the preceding sutra, the inherent character,

distinctive marks and conditions of beings and powers are made clear.

For through this power, as defined, we get a twofold view of each

object, seeing at once all its individual characteristics and its essential

character, species and genus; we see it in relation to itself, and in

relation to the Eternal. Thus we see a rose as that particular flower,

with its colour and scent, its peculiar fold of each petal; but we also

see in it the species, the family to which it belongs, with its relation to

all plants, to all life, to Life itself. So in any day, we see events and

circumstances; we also see in it the lesson set for the soul by the

Eternal.



14. Every object has its characteristics which are already quiescent,

those which are active, and those which are not yet definable.



Every object has characteristics belonging to its past, its present and

its future. In a fir tree, for example, there are the stumps or scars of

dead branches, which once represented its foremost growth; there are

the branches with their needles spread out to the air; there are the

buds at the end of each branch and twig, which carry the still closely

packed needles which are the promise of the future. In like manner,

the chrysalis has, as its past, the caterpillar; as its future, the butterfly.

The man has, in his past, the animal; in his future, the angel. Both are

visible even now in his face. So with all things, for all things change

and grow.



15. Difference in stage is the cause of difference in development.



This but amplifies what has just been said. The first stage is the

sapling, the caterpillar, the animal. The second stage is the growing

tree, the chrysalis, the man. The third is the splendid pine, the

butterfly, the angel. Difference of stage is the cause of difference of

development. So it is among men, and among the races of men.



16. Through perfectly concentrated Meditation on the three stages of

development comes a knowledge of past and future.



We have taken our illustrations from natural science, because, since

every true discovery in natural science is a divination of a law in

nature, attained through a flash of genius, such discoveries really

represent acts of spiritual perception, acts of perception by the

spiritual man, even though they are generally not so recognized. So

we may once more use the same illustration. Perfectly concentrated

Meditation, perfect insight into the chrysalis, reveals the caterpillar

that it has been, the butterfly that it is destined to be. He who knows

the seed, knows the seed-pod or ear it has come from, and the plant

that is to come from it. So in like manner he who really knows today,

and the heart of to-day, knows its parent yesterday and its child

tomorrow. Past, present and future are all in the Eternal. He who

dwells in the Eternal knows all three.



17. The sound and the object and the thought called up by a word are

confounded because they are all blurred together in the mind. By

perfectly concentrated Meditation on the distinction between them,

there comes an understanding of the sounds uttered by all beings.



It must be remembered that we are speaking of perception by the

spiritual man.



Sound, like every force, is the expression of a power of the Eternal.

Infinite shades of this power are expressed in the infinitely varied

tones of sound. He who, having entry to the consciousness of the

Eternal knows the essence of this power, can divine the meanings of

all sounds, from the voice of the insect to the music of the spheres.



In like manner, he who has attained to spiritual vision can perceive the

mind-images in the thoughts of others, with the shade of feeling which

goes with them, thus reading their thoughts as easily as he hears their

words. Every one has the germ of this power, since difference of tone

will give widely differing meanings to the same words, meanings

which are intuitively perceived by everyone.



18. When the mind-impressions become visible, there comes an

understanding of previous births.



This is simple enough if we grasp the truth of rebirth. The fine harvest

of past experiences is drawn into the spiritual nature, forming, indeed,

the basis of its development. When the consciousness has been raised

to a point above these fine subjective impressions, and can look down

upon them from above, this will in itself be a remembering of past

births.



19. By perfectly concentrated Meditation on mind-images is gained

the understanding of the thoughts of others.



Here, for those who can profit by it, is the secret of thought-reading.

Take the simplest case of intentional thought transference. It is the

testimony of those who have done this, that the perceiving mind must

be stilled, before the mind-image projected by the other mind can be

seen. With it comes a sense of the feeling and temper of the other

mind and so on, in higher degrees.



20. But since that on which the thought in the mind of another rests

is not objective to the thought-reader's consciousness, he perceives the

thought only, and not also that on which the thought rests.



The meaning appears to be simple: One may be able to perceive the

thoughts of some one at a distance; one cannot, by that means alone,

also perceive the external surroundings of that person, which arouse

these thoughts.



21. By perfectly concentrated Meditation on the form of the body, by

arresting the body's perceptibility, and by inhibiting the eye's power of

sight, there comes the power to make the body invisible.



There are many instances of the exercise of this power, by mesmerists,

hypnotists and the like; and we may simply call it an instance of the

power of suggestion. Shankara tells us that by this power the popular

magicians of the East perform their wonders, working on the

mind-images of others, while remaining invisible themselves. It is all

a question of being able to see and control the mind-images.



22. The works which fill out the life-span may be either immediately

or gradually operative. By perfectly concentrated Meditation on these

comes a knowledge of the time of the end, as also through signs.



A garment which is wet, says the commentator, may be hung up to

dry, and so dry rapidly, or it may be rolled in a ball and dry slowly; so

a fire may blaze or smoulder. Thus it is with Karma, the works that fill

out the life-span. By an insight into the mental forms and forces which

make up Karma, there comes a knowledge of the rapidity or slowness

of their development, and of the time when the debt will be paid.



23. By perfectly concentrated Meditation on sympathy, compassion

and kindness, is gained the power of interior union with others.



Unity is the reality; separateness the illusion. The nearer we come to

reality, the nearer we come to unity of heart. Sympathy, compassion,

kindness are modes of this unity of heart, whereby we rejoice with

those who rejoice, and weep with those who weep. These things are

learned by desiring to learn them.



24. By perfectly concentrated Meditation on power, even such power

as that of the elephant may be gained.



This is a pretty image. Elephants possess not only force, but poise and

fineness of control. They can lift a straw, a child, a tree with perfectly

judged control and effort. So the simile is a good one. By detachment,

by withdrawing into the soul's reservoir of power, we can gain all

these, force and fineness and poise; the ability to handle with equal

mastery things small and great, concrete and abstract alike.



25. By bending upon them the awakened inner light, there comes a

knowledge of things subtle, or concealed, or obscure.



As was said at the outset, each consciousness is related to all

consciousness; and, through it, has a potential consciousness of all

things; whether subtle or concealed or obscure. An understanding of

this great truth will come with practice. As one of the wise has said,

we have no conception of the power of Meditation.



26. By perfectly concentrated Meditation on the sun comes a

knowledge of the worlds.



This has several meanings: First, by a knowledge of the constitution

of the sun, astronomers can understand the kindred nature of the stars.

And it is said that there is a finer astronomy, where the spiritual man

is the astronomer. But the sun also means the Soul, and through

knowledge of the Soul comes a knowledge of the realms of life.



27. By perfectly concentrated Meditation on the moon comes a

knowledge of the lunar mansions.



Here again are different meanings. The moon is, first, the companion

planet, which, each day, passes backward through one mansion of the

stars. By watching the moon, the boundaries of the mansion are

learned, with their succession in the great time-dial of the sky. But the

moon also symbolizes the analytic mind, with its divided realms; and

these, too, may be understood through perfectly concentrated

Meditation.



28. By perfectly concentrated Meditation on the fixed pole-star comes

a knowledge of the motions of the stars.



Addressing Duty, stern daughter of the Voice of God, Wordsworth

finely said:



Thou cost preserve the stars from wrong,

And the most ancient heavens through thee are fresh and strong -



thus suggesting a profound relation between the moral powers and the

powers that rule the worlds. So in this Sutra the fixed polestar is the

eternal spirit about which all things move, as well as the star toward

which points the axis of the earth. Deep mysteries attend both, and the

veil of mystery is only to be raised by Meditation, by open-eyed vision

of the awakened spiritual man.



29. Perfectly concentrated Meditation on the centre of force in the

lower trunk brings an understanding of the order of the bodily powers.



We are coming to a vitally important part of the teaching of Yoga:

namely, the spiritual man's attainment of full self-consciousness, the

awakening of the spiritual man as a self-conscious individual, behind

and above the natural man. In this awakening, and in the process of

gestation which precedes it, there is a close relation with the powers

of the natural man, which are, in a certain sense, the projection,

outward and downward, of the powers of the spiritual man. This is

notably true of that creative power of the spiritual man which, when

embodied in the natural man, becomes the power of generation. Not

only is this power the cause of the continuance of the bodily race of

mankind, but further, in the individual, it is the key to the dominance

of the personal life. Rising, as it were, through the life-channels of the

body, it flushes the personality with physical force, and maintains and

colours the illusion that the physical life is the dominant and

all-important expression of life. In due time, when the spiritual man

has begun to take form, the creative force will be drawn off, and

become operative in building the body of the spiritual man, just as it

has been operative in the building of physical bodies, through

generation in the natural world.



Perfectly concentrated Meditation on the nature of this force means,

first, that rising of the consciousness into the spiritual world, already

described, which gives the one sure foothold for Meditation; and then,

from that spiritual point of vantage, not only an insight into the

creative force, in its spiritual and physical aspects, but also a gradually

attained control of this wonderful force, which will mean its direction

to the body of the spiritual man, and its gradual withdrawal from the

body of the natural man, until the over-pressure, so general and such

a fruitful source of misery in our day, is abated, and purity takes the

place of passion. This over pressure, which is the cause of so many

evils and so much of human shame, is an abnormal, not a natural,

condition. It is primarily due to spiritual blindness, to blindness

regarding the spiritual man, and ignorance even of his existence; for

by this blind ignorance are closed the channels through which, were

they open, the creative force could flow into the body of the spiritual

man, there building up an immortal vesture. There is no cure for

blindness, with its consequent over-pressure and attendant misery and

shame, but spiritual vision, spiritual aspiration, sacrifice, the new birth

from above. There is no other way to lighten the burden, to lift the

misery and shame from human life. Therefore, let us follow after

sacrifice and aspiration, let us seek the light. In this way only shall we

gain that insight into the order of the bodily powers, and that mastery

of them, which this Sutra implies.



30. By perfectly concentrated Meditation on the centre of force in the

well of the throat, there comes the cessation of hunger and thirst.



We are continuing the study of the bodily powers and centres of force

in their relation to the powers and forces of the spiritual man. We have

already considered the dominant power of physical life, the creative

power which secures the continuance of physical life; and, further, the

manner in which, through aspiration and sacrifice, it is gradually raised

and set to the work of upbuilding the body of the spiritual man. We

come now to the dominant psychic force, the power which manifests

itself in speech, and in virtue of which the voice may carry so much of

the personal magnetism, endowing the orator with a tongue of fire,

magical in its power to arouse and rule the emotions of his hearers.

This emotional power, this distinctively psychical force, is the cause

of "hunger and thirst," the psychical hunger and thirst for sensations,

which is the source of our two-sided life of emotionalism, with its

hopes and fears, its expectations and memories, its desires and hates.

The source of this psychical power, or, perhaps we should say, its

centre of activity in the physical body is said to be in the cavity of the

throat. Thus, in the Taittiriya Upanishad it is written: "There is this

shining ether in the inner being. Therein is the spiritual man, formed

through thought, immortal, golden. Inward, in the palate, the organ

that hangs down like a nipple,-this is the womb of Indra. And there,

where the dividing of the hair turns, extending upward to the crown

of the head."



Indra is the name given to the creative power of which we have

spoken, and which, we are told, resides in "the organ which hangs

down like a nipple, inward, in the palate."



31. By perfectly concentrated Meditation on the centre of force in the

channel called the "tortoise-formed," comes steadfastness.



We are concerned now with the centre of nervous or psychical force

below the cavity of the throat, in the chest, in which is felt the

sensation of fear; the centre, the disturbance of which sets the heart

beating miserably with dread, or which produces that sense of terror

through which the heart is said to stand still.



When the truth concerning fear is thoroughly mastered, through

spiritual insight into the immortal, fearless life, then this force is

perfectly controlled; there is no more fear, just as, through the control

of the psychic power which works through the nerve-centre in the

throat, there comes a cessation of "hunger and thirst." Thereafter,

these forces, or their spiritual prototypes, are turned to the building of

the spiritual man.



Always, it must be remembered, the victory is first a spiritual one;

only later does it bring control of the bodily powers.



32. Through perfectly concentrated Meditation on the light in the head

comes the vision of the Masters who have attained.



The tradition is, that there is a certain centre of force in the head,

perhaps the "pineal gland," which some of our Western philosophers

have supposed to be the dwelling of the soul,-a centre which is, as it

were, the door way between the natural and the spiritual man. It is the

seat of that better and wiser consciousness behind the outward

looking consciousness in the forward part of the head; that better and

wiser consciousness of "the back of the mind," which views spiritual

things, and seeks to impress the spiritual view on the outward looking

consciousness in the forward part of the head. It is the spiritual man

seeking to guide the natural man, seeking to bring the natural man to

concern himself with the things of his immortality. This is suggested

in the words of the Upanishad already quoted: "There, where the

dividing of the hair turns, extending upward to the crown of the

head"; all of which may sound very fantastical, until one comes to

understand it.



It is said that when this power is fully awakened, it brings a vision of

the great Companions of the spiritual man, those who have already

attained, crossing over to the further shore of the sea of death and

rebirth. Perhaps it is to this divine sight that the Master alluded, who

is reported to have said: "I counsel you to buy of me eye-salve, that

you may see." It is of this same vision of the great Companions, the

children of light, that a seer wrote:



"Though inland far we be,

Our souls have sight of that immortal sea

Which brought us hither,

Can in a moment travel thither,

And see the Children sport upon the shore

And hear the mighty waters rolling evermore."



33. Or through the divining power of tuition he knows all things.



This is really the supplement, the spiritual side, of the Sutra just

translated. Step by step, as the better consciousness, the spiritual

view, gains force in the back of the mind, so, in the same measure, the

spiritual man is gaining the power to see: learning to open the spiritual

eyes. When the eyes are fully opened, the spiritual man beholds the

great Companions standing about him; he has begun to "know all

things."



This divining power of intuition is the power which lies above and

behind the so-called rational mind; the rational mind formulates a

question and lays it before the intuition, which gives a real answer,

often immediately distorted by the rational mind, yet always

embodying a kernel of truth. It is by this process, through which the

rational mind brings questions to the intuition for solution, that the

truths of science are reached, the flashes of discovery and genius. But

this higher power need not work in subordination to the so-called

rational mind, it may act directly, as full illumination, "the vision and

the faculty divine."



34. By perfectly concentrated Meditation on the heart, the interior

being, comes the knowledge of consciousness.



The heart here seems to mean, as it so often. does in the Upanishads,

the interior, spiritual nature, the consciousness of the spiritual man,

which is related to the heart, and to the wisdom of the heart. By

steadily seeking after, and finding, the consciousness of the spiritual

man, by coming to consciousness as the spiritual man, a perfect

knowledge of consciousness will be attained. For the conscious ness

of the spiritual man has this divine quality: while being and remaining

a truly individual consciousness, it at the same time flows over, as it

were, and blends with the Divine Consciousness above and about it,

the consciousness of the great Companions; and by showing itself to

be one with the Divine Consciousness, it reveals the nature of all

consciousness, the secret that all consciousness is One and Divine.



35. The personal self seeks to feast on life, through a failure to

perceive the distinction between the personal self and the spiritual

man.



All personal experience really exists for the sake of another:

namely, the spiritual man. By perfectly concentrated Meditation on

experience for the sake of the Self, comes a knowledge of the spiritual

man.



The divine ray of the Higher Self, which is eternal, impersonal and

abstract, descends into life, and forms a personality, which, through

the stress and storm of life, is hammered into a definite and concrete

self-conscious individuality. The problem is, to blend these two

powers, taking the eternal and spiritual being of the first, and blending

with it, transferring into it, the self-conscious individuality of the

second; and thus bringing to life a third being, the spiritual man, who

is heir to the immortality of his father, the Higher Self, and yet has the

self-conscious, concrete individuality of his other parent, the personal

self. This is the true immaculate conception, the new birth from above,

"conceived of the Holy Spirit." Of this new birth it is said: "that which

is born of the Spirit is spirit.: ye must be born again."



Rightly understood, therefore, the whole life of the personal man is for

another, not for himself. He exists only to render his very life and all

his experience for the building up of the spiritual man. Only through

failure to see this, does he seek enjoyment for himself, seek to secure

the feasts of life for himself; not understanding that he must live for

the other, live sacrificially, offering both feasts and his very being on

the altar; giving himself as a contribution for the building of the

spiritual man. When he does understand this, and lives for the Higher

Self, setting his heart and thought on the Higher Self, then his sacrifice

bears divine fruit, the spiritual man is built up, consciousness awakes

in him, and he comes fully into being as a divine and immortal

individuality.



36. Thereupon are born the divine power of intuition, and the hearing,

the touch, the vision, the taste and the power of smell of the spiritual

man.



When, in virtue of the perpetual sacrifice of the personal man, daily

and hourly giving his life for his divine brother the spiritual man, and

through the radiance ever pouring down from the Higher Self, eternal

in the Heavens, the spiritual man comes to birth,-there awake in him

those powers whose physical counterparts we know in the personal

man. The spiritual man begins to see, to hear, to touch, to taste. And,

besides the senses of the spiritual man, there awakes his mind, that

divine counterpart of the mind of the physical man, the power of

direct and immediate knowledge, the power of spiritual intuition, of

divination. This power, as we have seen, owes its virtue to the unity,

the continuity, of consciousness, whereby whatever is known to any

consciousness, is knowable by any other consciousness. Thus the

consciousness of the spiritual man, who lives above our narrow

barriers of separateness, is in intimate touch with the consciousness of

the great Companions, and can draw on that vast reservoir for all real

needs. Thus arises within the spiritual man that certain knowledge

which is called intuition, divination, illumination.



37. These powers stand in contradistinction to the highest spiritual

vision. In manifestation they are called magical powers.



The divine man is destined to supersede the spiritual man, as the

spiritual man supersedes the natural man. Then the disciple becomes

a Master. The opened powers of tile spiritual man, spiritual vision,

hearing, and touch, stand, therefore, in contradistinction to the higher

divine power above them, and must in no wise be regarded as the end

of the way, for the path has no end, but rises ever to higher and higher

glories; the soul's growth and splendour have no limit. So that, if the

spiritual powers we have been considering are regarded as in any

sense final, they are a hindrance, a barrier to the far higher powers of

the divine man. But viewed from below, from the standpoint of

normal physical experience, they are powers truly magical; as the

powers natural to a four-dimensional being will appear magical to a

three-dimensional being.



38. Through the weakening of the causes of bondage, and by learning

the method of sassing, the consciousness is transferred to the other

body.



In due time, after the spiritual man has been formed and grown stable

through the forces and virtues already enumerated, and after the

senses of the spiritual man have awaked, there comes the transfer of

the dominant consciousness, the sense of individuality, from the

physical to the spiritual man. Thereafter the physical man is felt to be

a secondary, a subordinate, an instrument through whom the spiritual

man works; and the spiritual man is felt to be the real individuality.

This is, in a sense, the attainment to full salvation and immortal life;

yet it is not the final goal or resting place, but only the beginning of

the greater way.



The means for this transfer are described as the weakening of the

causes of bondage, and an understanding of the method of passing

from the one consciousness to the other. The first may also be

described as detach meet, and comes from the conquest of the

delusion that the personal self is the real man. When that delusion

abates and is held in check, the finer consciousness of the spiritual

man begins to shine in the background of the mind. The transfer of the

sense of individuality to this finer consciousness, and thus to the

spiritual man, then becomes a matter of recollection, of attention;

primarily, a matter of taking a deeper interest in the life and doings of

the spiritual man, than in the pleasures or occupations of the

personality. Therefore it is said: "Lay not up for yourselves treasures

upon earth, where moth and rust cloth corrupt, and where thieves

break through and steal: but lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven,

where neither moth nor rust cloth corrupt, and where thieves do not

break through nor steal: for where your treasure is, there will your

heart be also."



39. Through mastery of the upward-life comes freedom from the

dangers of water, morass, and thorny places, and the power of

ascension is gained.



Here is one of the sentences, so characteristic of this author, and,

indeed, of the Eastern spirit, in which there is an obvious exterior

meaning, and, within this, a clear interior meaning, not quite so

obvious, but far more vital.



The surface meaning is, that by mastery of a certain power, called here

the upward-life, and akin to levitation, there comes the ability to walk

on water, or to pass over thorny places without wounding the feet.



But there is a deeper meaning. When we speak of the disciple's path

as a path of thorns, we use a symbol; and the same symbol is used

here. The upward-life means something more than the power, often

manifested in abnormal psychical experiences, of levitating the

physical body, or near-by physical objects. It means the strong power

of aspiration, of upward will, which first builds, and then awakes the

spiritual man, and finally transfers the conscious individuality to him;

for it is he who passes safely over the waters of death and rebirth, and

is not pierced by the thorns in the path. Therefore it is said that he

who would tread the path of power must look for a home in the air,

and afterwards in the ether.



Of the upward-life, this is written in the Katha Upanishad: "A hundred

and one are the heart's channels; of these one passes to the crown.

Going up this, he comes to the immortal." This is the power of

ascension spoken of in the Sutra.



40. By mastery of the binding-life comes radiance.



In the Upanishads, it is said that this binding-life unites the upward-life

to the downward-life, and these lives have their analogies in the "vital

breaths" in the body. The thought in the text seems to be, that, when

the personality is brought thoroughly under control of the spiritual

man, through the life-currents which bind them together, the person

ality is endowed with a new force, a strong personal magnetism, one

might call it, such as is often an appanage of genius.



But the text seems to mean more than this and to have in view the

"vesture of the colour of the sun" attributed by the Upanishads to the

spiritual man; that vesture which a disciple has thus described: "The

Lord shall change our vile body, that it may be fash toned like unto his

glorious body"; perhaps "body of radiance" would better translate the

Greek.



In both these passages, the teaching seem. to be, that the body of the

full-grown spiritual man is radiant or luminous,-for those at least, who

have anointed their eyes wit! eye-salve, so that they see.



41. From perfectly concentrated Meditation on the correlation of

hearing and the ether, comes the power of spiritual hearing.



Physical sound, we are told, is carried by the air, or by water, iron, or

some mediun on the same plane of substance. But then is a finer

hearing, whose medium of transmission would seem to be the ether;

perhaps no that ether which carries light, heat and magnetic waves,

but, it may be, the far finer ether through which the power of gravity

works. For, while light or heat or magnetic waves, travelling from the

sun to the earth, take eight minutes for the journey, it is

mathematically certain that the pull of gravitation does not take as

much as eight seconds, or even the eighth of a second. The pull of

gravitation travels, it would seem "as quick as thought"; so it may well

be that, in thought transference or telepathy, the thoughts travel by the

same way, carried by the same "thought-swift" medium.



The transfer of a word by telepathy is the simplest and earliest form

of the "divine hearing" of the spiritual man; as that power grows, and

as, through perfectly concentrated Meditation, the spiritual man comes

into more complete mastery of it, he grows able to hear and clearly

distinguish the speech of the great Companions, who counsel and

comfort him on his way. They may speak to him either in wordless

thoughts, or in perfectly definite words and sentences.



42. By perfectly concentrated Meditation the correlation of the

body with the ether, and by thinking of it as light as thistle-down, will

come the power to traverse the ether.



It has been said that he who would tread the path of power must look

for a home in the air, and afterwards in the ether. This would seem to

mean, besides the constant injunction to detachment, that he must be

prepared to inhabit first a psychic, and then an etheric body; the

former being the body of dreams; the latter, the body of the spiritual

man, when he wakes up on the other side of dreamland. The gradual

accustoming of the consciousness to its new etheric vesture, its

gradual acclimatization, so to speak, in the etheric body of the

spiritual man, is what our text seems to contemplate.



43. When that condition of consciousness s reached, which is

far-reaching and not con- fined to the body, which is outside the body

and not conditioned by it, then the veil which conceals the light is

worn away.



Perhaps the best comment on this is afforded by the words of Paul: "I

knew a man in Christ above fourteen years ago, (whether in the body,

I cannot tell; or whether out of the body, I cannot tell: God knoweth

;) such a one caught up to the third heaven. And I knew such a man,

(whether in the body, or out of the body, I cannot tell: God knoweth

;) how that he was caught up into paradise, and heard unspeakable

[or, unspoken] words, which it is not lawful for a man to utter."



The condition is, briefly, that of the awakened spiritual man, who sees

and hears beyond the veil.



44. Mastery of the elements comes from perfectly concentrated

Meditation on their five forms: the gross, the elemental, the subtle, the

inherent, the purposive.



These five forms are analogous to those

recognized by modern physics: solid, liquid, gaseous, radiant and

ionic. When the piercing vision of the awakened spiritual man is

directed to the forms of matter, from within, as it were, from behind

the scenes, then perfect mastery over the "beggarly elements" is

attained. This is, perhaps, equivalent to the injunction: "Inquire of the

earth, the air, and the water, of the secrets they hold for you. The

development of your inner senses will enable you to do this."



45. Thereupon will come the manifestation of the atomic and other

powers, which are the endowment of the body, together with its

unassailable force.



The body in question is, of course, the etheric body of the spiritual

man. He is said to possess eight powers: the atomic, the power of

assimilating himself with the nature of the atom, which will, perhaps,

involve the power to disintegrate material forms; the power of

levitation; the power of limitless extension; the power of boundless

reach, so that, as the commentator says, "he can touch the moon with

the tip of his finger"; the power to accomplish his will; the power of

gravitation, the correlative of levitation; the power of command; the

power of creative will. These are the endowments of the spiritual man.

Further, the spiritual body is unassailable. Fire burns it not, water wets

it not, the sword cleaves it not, dry winds parch it not. And, it is said,

the spiritual man can impart something of this quality and temper to

his bodily vesture.



46. Shapeliness, beauty, force, the temper of the diamond: these are

the endowments of that body.



The spiritual man is shapely, beautiful strong, firm as the diamond.

Therefore it is written: "These things saith the Son of God, who hath

his eyes like unto a flame of fire, and his feet are like fine brass: He

that overcometh and keepeth my works unto the end, to him will I

give power over the nations: and he shall rule them with a rod of iron;

and I will give him the morning star."



47. Mastery over the powers of perception and action comes through

perfectly concentrated Meditation on their fivefold forms; namely,

their power to grasp their distinctive nature, the element of

self-consciousness in them, their inherence, and their purposiveness.



Take, for example, sight. This possesses, first, the power to grasp,

apprehend, perceive; second, it has its distinctive form of perception;

that is, visual perception; third, it always carries with its operations

self-consciousness, the thought: "I perceive"; fourth sight has the

power of extension through the whole field of vision, even to the

utmost star; fifth, it is used for the purposes of the Seer. So with the

other senses. Perfectly concentrated Meditation on each sense, a

viewing it from behind and within, as is possible for the spiritual man,

brings a mastery of the scope and true character of each sense, and of

the world on which they report collectively.



48. Thence comes the power swift as thought, independent of

instruments, and the mastery over matter.



We are further enumerating the endowments of the spiritual man.

Among these is the power to traverse space with the swiftness of

thought, so that whatever place the spiritual man thinks of, to that he

goes, in that place he already is. Thought has now become his means

of locomotion. He is, therefore, independent of instruments, and can

bring his force to bear directly, wherever he wills.



49. When the spiritual man is perfectly disentangled from the psychic

body, he attains to mastery over all things and to a knowledge of all.



The spiritual man is enmeshed in the web of the emotions; desire, fear,

ambition, passion; and impeded by the mental forms of separateness

and materialism. When these meshes are sundered, these obstacles

completely overcome, then the spiritual man stands forth in his own

wide world, strong, mighty, wise. He uses divine powers, with a

divine scope and energy, working together with divine Companions.

To such a one it is said: "Thou art now a disciple, able to stand, able

to hear, able to see, able to speak, thou hast conquered desire and

attained to self- knowledge, thou hast seen thy soul in its bloom and

recognized it, and heard the voice of the silence."



50. By absence of all self-indulgence at this point, when the seeds of

bondage to sorrow are destroyed, pure spiritual being is attained.



The seeking of indulgence for the personal self, whether through

passion or ambition, sows the seed of future sorrow. For this self

indulgence of the personality is a double sin against the real; a sin

against the cleanness of life, and a sin against the universal being,

which permits no exclusive particular good, since, in the real, all

spiritual possessions are held in common. This twofold sin brings its

reacting punishment, its confining bondage to sorrow. But ceasing

from self-indulgence brings purity, liberation, spiritual life.



51. There should be complete overcoming of allurement or pride in

the invitations of the different realms of life, lest attachment to things

evil arise once more.



The commentator tells us that disciples, seekers for union, are of four

degrees: first, those who are entering the path; second, those who are

in the realm of allurements; third, those who have won the victory

over matter and the senses; fourth, those who stand firm in pure

spiritual life. To the second, especially, the caution in the text is

addressed. More modern teachers would express the same truth by a

warning against the delusions and fascinations of the psychic realm,

which open around the disciple, as he breaks through into the unseen

worlds. These are the dangers of the anteroom. Safety lies in passing

on swiftly into the inner chamber. '`Him that overcometh will I make

a pillar in the temple of my God, and he shall go no more out."



52. From perfectly concentrated Meditation on the divisions of time

and their succession comes that wisdom which is born of discernment.



The Upanishads say of the liberated that "he has passed beyond the

triad of time"; he no longer sees life as projected into past, present and

future, since these are forms of the mind; but beholds all things spread

out in the quiet light of the Eternal. This would seem to be the same

thought, and to point to that clear-eyed spiritual perception which is

above time; that wisdom born of the unveiling of Time's delusion.

Then shall the disciple live neither in the present nor the future, but in

the Eternal.



53. Hence comes discernment between things which are of like nature,

not distinguished by difference of kind, character or position.



Here, as also in the preceding Sutra, we are close to the doctrine that

distinctions of order, time and space are creations of the mind; the

threefold prism through which the real object appears to us distorted

and refracted. When the prism is withdrawn, the object returns to its

primal unity, no longer distinguishable by the mind, yet clearly

knowable by that high power of spiritual discernment, of illumination,

which is above the mind.



54. The wisdom which is born of discernment is starlike; it discerns

all things, and all conditions of things, it discerns without succession:

simultaneously.



That wisdom, that intuitive, divining power is starlike, says the

commentator, because it shines with its own light, because it rises on

high, and illumines all things. Nought is hid from it, whether things

past, things present, or things to come; for it is beyond the threefold

form of time, so that all things are spread before it together, in the

single light of the divine. This power has been beautifully described by

Columba: "Some there are, though very few, to whom Divine grace

has granted this: that they can clearly and most distinctly see, at one

and the same moment, as though under one ray of the sun, even the

entire circuit of the whole world with its surroundings of ocean and

sky, the inmost part of their mind being marvellously enlarged."



55. When the vesture and the spiritual man are alike pure, then

perfect spiritual life is attained.



The vesture, says the commentator, must first be washed pure of all

stains of passion and darkness, and the seeds of future sorrow must be

burned up utterly. Then, both the vesture and the wearer of the

vesture being alike pure, the spiritual man enters into perfect spiritual

life.



INTRODUCTION TO BOOK IV



The third book of the Sutras has fairly completed the history of the

birth and growth of the spiritual man, and the enumeration of his

powers; at least so far as concerns that first epoch in his immortal life,

which immediately succeeds, and supersedes, the life of the natural

man.



In the fourth book, we are to consider what one might call the

mechanism of salvation, the ideally simple working of cosmic law

which brings the spiritual man to birth, growth, and fulness of power,

and prepares him for the splendid, toilsome further stages of his great

journey home.



The Sutras are here brief to obscurity; only a few words, for example,

are given to the great triune mystery and illusion of Time; a phrase or

two indicates the sweep of some universal law. Yet it is hoped that,

by keeping our eyes fixed on the spiritual man, remembering that he

is the hero of the story, and that all that is written concerns him and

his adventures, we may be able to find our way through this thicket of

tangled words, and keep in our hands the clue to the mystery.



The last part of the last book needs little introduction. In a sense, it is

the most important part of the whole treatise, since it unmasks the

nature of the personality, that psychical "mind," which is the wakeful

enemy of all who seek to tread the path. Even now, we can hear it

whispering the doubt whether that can be a good path, which thus sets

"mind" at defiance.



If this, then, be the most vital and fundamental part of the teaching,

should it not stand at the very beginning? It may seem so at first; but

had it stood there, we should not have comprehended it. For he who

would know the doctrine must lead the life, doing the will of his [ether

which is in Heaven.



BOOK IV



1. Psychic and spiritual powers may be inborn, or they may be gained

by the use of drugs, or by incantations, or by fervour, or by

Meditation.



Spiritual powers have been enumerated and described in the preceding

sections. They are the normal powers of the spiritual man, the

antetype, the divine edition, of the powers of the natural man.

Through these powers, the spiritual man stands, sees, hears, speaks,

in the spiritual world, as the physical man stands, sees, hears, speaks

in the natural world.



There is a counterfeit presentment of the spiritual man, in the world

of dreams, a shadow lord of shadows, who has his own dreamy

powers of vision, of hearing, of movement; he has left the natural

without reaching the spiritual. He has set forth from the shore, but has

not gained the further verge of the river. He is borne along by the

stream, with no foothold on either shore. Leaving the actual, he has

fallen short of the real, caught in the limbo of vanities and delusions.

The cause of this aberrant phantasm is always the worship of a false,

vain self, the lord of dreams, within one's own breast. This is the

psychic man, lord of delusive and bewildering psychic powers.



Spiritual powers, like intellectual or artistic gifts, may be inborn: the

fruit, that is, of seeds planted and reared with toil in a former birth. So

also the powers of the psychic man may be inborn, a delusive harvest

from seeds of delusion.



Psychical powers may be gained by drugs, as poverty, shame,

debasement may be gained by the self-same drugs. In their action, they

are baneful, cutting the man off from consciousness of the restraining

power of his divine nature, so that his forces break forth exuberant,

like the laughter of drunkards, and he sees and hears things delusive.

While sinking, he believes that he has risen; growing weaker, he thinks

himself full of strength; beholding illusions, he takes them to be true.

Such are the powers gained by drugs; they are wholly psychic, since

the real powers, the spiritual, can never be so gained.



Incantations are affirmations of half-truths concerning spirit and

matter, what is and what is not, which work upon the mind and slowly

build up a wraith of powers and a delusive well-being. These, too, are

of the psychic realm of dreams.



Lastly, there are the true powers of the spiritual man, built up and

realized in Meditation, through reverent obedience to spiritual law, to

the pure conditions of being, in the divine realm.



2. The transfer of powers from one venture to another comes through

the flow of the natural creative forces.



Here, if we can perceive it, is the whole secret of spiritual birth,

growth and life Spiritual being, like all being, is but an expression of

the Self, of the inherent power and being of Atma. Inherent in the Self

are consciousness and will, which have, as their lordly heritage, the

wide sweep of the universe throughout eternity, for the Self is one

with the Eternal. And the conscious ness of the Self may make itself

manifest as seeing, hearing, tasting, feeling, or whatsoever perceptive

powers there may be, just as the white sunlight may divide into

many-coloured rays. So may the will of the Self manifest itself in the

uttering of words, or in handling, or in moving, and whatever powers

of action there are throughout the seven worlds. Where the Self is,

there will its powers be. It is but a question of the vesture through

which these powers shall shine forth. And wherever the consciousness

and desire of the ever-creative Self are fixed, there will a vesture be

built up; where the heart is, there will the treasure be also.



Since through ages the desire of the Self has been toward the natural

world, wherein the Self sought to mirror himself that he might know

himself, therefore a vesture of natural elements came into being,

through which blossomed forth the Self's powers of perceiving and of

will: the power to see, to hear, to speak, to walk, to handle; and when

the Self, thus come to self-consciousness, and, with it, to a knowledge

of his imprisonment, shall set his desire on the divine and real world,

and raise his consciousness thereto, the spiritual vesture shall be built

up for him there, with its expression of his inherent powers. Nor will

migration thither be difficult for the Self, since the divine is no strange

or foreign land for him, but the house of his home, where he dwells

from everlasting.



3. The apparent, immediate cause is not the true cause of the creative

nature-powers; but, like the husbandman in his field, it takes obstacles

away.



The husbandman tills his field, breaking up the clods of earth into fine

mould, penetrable to air and rain; he sows his seed, carefully covering

it, for fear of birds and the wind; he waters the seed-laden earth,

turning the little rills from the irrigation tank now this way and that,

removing obstacles from the channels, until the even How of water

vitalizes the whole field. And so the plants germinate and grow, first

the blade, then the ear, then the full corn in the ear. But it is not the

husbandman who makes them grow. It is, first, the miraculous plasmic

power in the grain of seed, which brings forth after its kind; then the

alchemy of sunlight which, in presence of the green colouring matter

of the leaves, gathers hydrogen from the water and carbon from the

gases in the air, and mingles them in the hydro-carbons of plant

growth; and, finally, the wholly occult vital powers of the plant itself,

stored up through ages, and flowing down from the primal sources of

life. The husbandman but removes the obstacles. He plants and

waters, but God gives the increase.



So with the finer husbandman of diviner fields. He tills and sows, but

the growth of the spiritual man comes through the surge and flow of

divine, creative forces and powers. Here, again, God gives the

increase. The divine Self puts forth, for the manifestation of its

powers, a new and finer vesture, the body of the spiritual man.



4. Vestures of consciousness are built up in conformity with the

Boston of the feeling of selfhood.



The Self, says a great Teacher, in turn at- itself to three vestures: first,

to the physical body, then to the finer body, and thirdly to the causal

body. Finally it stands forth radiant, luminous, joyous, as the Self.



When the Self attributes itself to the physical body, there arise the

states of bodily consciousness, built up about the physical self.



When the Self, breaking through this first illusion, begins to see and

feel itself in the finer body, to find selfhood there, then the states of

consciousness of the finer body come into being; or, to speak exactly,

the finer body and its states of consciousness arise and grow together.



But the Self must not dwell permanently there. It must learn to find

itself in the causal body, to build up the wide and luminous fields of

consciousness that belong to that.



Nor must it dwell forever there, for there remains the fourth state, the

divine, with its own splendour and everlastingness.



It is all a question of the states of consciousness; all a question of

raising the sense of selfhood, until it dwells forever in the Eternal.





5. In the different fields of manifestation, the Consciousness, though

one, is the elective cause of many states of consciousness.



Here is the splendid teaching of oneness that lies at the heart of the

Eastern wisdom. Consciousness is ultimately One, everywhere and

forever. The Eternal, the Father, is the One Self of All Beings. And so,

in each individual who is but a facet of that Self, Consciousness is

One. Whether it breaks through as the dull fire of physical life, or the

murky flame of the psychic and passional, or the radiance of the

spiritual man, or the full glory of the Divine, it is ever the Light,

naught but the Light. The one Consciousness is the effective cause of

all states of consciousness, on every plane.



6. Among states of consciousness, that which is born of

Contemplation is free from the seed of future sorrow.



Where the consciousness breaks forth in the physical body, and the

full play of bodily life begins, its progression carries with it inevitable

limitations. Birth involves death. Meetings have their partings. Hunger

alternates with satiety. Age follows on the heels of youth. So do the

states of consciousness run along the circle of birth and death.



With the psychic, the alternation between prize and penalty is swifter.

Hope has its shadow of fear, or it is no hope. Exclusive love is

tortured by jealousy. Pleasure passes through deadness into pain.

Pain's surcease brings pleasure back again. So here, too, the states of

consciousness run their circle. In all psychic states there is egotism,

which, indeed, is the very essence of the psychic; and where there is

egotism there is ever the seed of future sorrow. Desire carries

bondage in its womb.



But where the pure spiritual consciousness begins, free from self and

stain, the ancient law of retaliation ceases; the penalty of sorrow

lapses and is no more imposed. The soul now passes, no longer from

sorrow to sorrow, but from glory to glory. Its growth and splendour

have no limit. The good passes to better, best.



7. The works of followers after Union make neither for bright pleasure

nor for dark pain The works of others make for pleasure or pain, or

a mingling of these.



The man of desire wins from his works the reward of pleasure, or

incurs the penalty of pain; or, as so often happens in life, his guerdon,

like the passionate mood of the lover, is part pleasure and part pain.

Works done with self- seeking bear within them the seeds of future

sorrow; conversely, according to the proverb, present pain is future

gain.



But, for him who has gone beyond desire, whose desire is set on the

Eternal, neither pain to be avoided nor pleasure to be gained inspires

his work. He fears no hell and desires no heaven. His one desire is, to

know the will of the Father and finish His work. He comes directly in

line with the divine Will, and works cleanly and immediately, without

longing or fear. His heart dwells in the Eternal; all his desires are set

on the Eternal.



8. From the force inherent in works comes the manifestation of those

dynamic mind images which are conformable to the ripening out of

each of these works.



We are now to consider the general mechanism of Karma, in order

that we may pass on to the consideration of him who is free from

Karma. Karma, indeed, is the concern of the personal man, of his

bondage or freedom. It is the succession of the forces which built up

the personal man, reproducing themselves in one personality after

another.



Now let us take an imaginary case, to see how these forces may work

out. Let us think of a man, with murderous intent in his heart, striking

with a dagger at his enemy. He makes a red wound in his victim's

breast; at the same instant he paints, in his own mind, a picture of that

wound: a picture dynamic with all the fierce will-power he has put

into his murderous blow. In other words he has made a deep wound

in his own psychic body; and, when he comes to be born again, that

body will become his outermost vesture, upon which, with its wound

still there, bodily tissue will be built up. So the man will be born

maimed, or with the predisposition to some mortal injury; he is

unguarded at that point, and any trifling accidental blow will pierce the

broken Joints of his psychic armour. Thus do the dynamic

mind-images manifest themselves, coming to the surface, so that

works done in the past may ripen and come to fruition.



9. Works separated by different nature, or place, or time, are brought

together by the correspondence between memory and dynamic

impression.



Just as, in the ripening out of mind-images into bodily conditions, the

effect is brought about by the ray of creative force sent down by the

Self, somewhat as the light of the magic lantern projects the details of

a picture on the screen, revealing the hidden, and making secret things

palpable and visible, so does this divine ray exercise a selective power

on the dynamic mind-images, bringing together into one day of life the

seeds gathered from many days. The memory constantly exemplifies

this power; a passage of poetry will call up in the mind like passages

of many poets, read at different times. So a prayer may call up many

prayers.



In like manner, the same over-ruling selective power, which is a ray

of the Higher Self, gathers together from different births and times and

places those mind-images which are conformable, and may be grouped

in the frame of a single life or a single event. Through this grouping,

visible bodily conditions or outward circumstances are brought about,

and by these the soul is taught and trained.



Just as the dynamic mind-images of desire ripen out in bodily

conditions and circumstances, so the far more dynamic powers of

aspiration, wherein the soul reaches toward the Eternal, have their

fruition in a finer world, building the vesture of the spiritual man.



10. The series of dynamic mind-images is beginningless, because

Desire is everlasting.



The whole series of dynamic mind-images, which make up the entire

history of the personal man, is a part of the mechanism which the Self

employs, to mirror itself in a reflection, to embody its powers in an

outward form, to the end of self-expression, selfrealization,

self-knowledge. Therefore the initial impulse behind these dynamic

mind- images comes from the Self and is the descending ray of the

Self; so that it cannot be said that there is any first member of the

series of images, from which the rest arose. The impulse is

beginningless, since it comes from the Self, which is from everlasting.

Desire is not to cease; it is to turn to the Eternal, and so become

aspiration.



11. Since the dynamic mind-images are held together by impulses of

desire, by the wish for personal reward, by the substratum of mental

habit, by the support of outer things desired; therefore, when these

cease, the self reproduction of dynamic mind-images ceases.



We are still concerned with the personal life in its bodily vesture, and

with the process whereby the forces which have upheld it are

gradually transferred to the life of the spiritual man, and build up for

him his finer vesture in a finer world.



How is the current to be changed ? How is the flow of

self-reproductive mind-images, which have built the conditions of life

after life in this world of bondage, to be checked, that the time of

imprisonment may come to an end, the day of liberation dawn?



The answer is given in the Sutra just translated. The driving-force is

withdrawn and directed to the upbuilding of the spiritual body.



When the building impulses and forces are withdrawn, the tendency

to manifest a new psychical body, a new body of bondage, ceases with

them.



12. The difference between that which is past and that which is not yet

come, according to their natures, depends on the difference of phase

of their properties.



Here we come to a high and difficult matter, which has always been

held to be of great moment in the Eastern wisdom: the thought that

the division of time into past, present and future is, in great measure,

an illusion; that past, present, future all dwell together in the eternal

Now.



The discernment of this truth has been held to be so necessarily a part

of wisdom, that one of the names of the Enlightened is: "he who has

passed beyond the three times: past, present, future."



So the Western Master said: "Before Abraham was, I am"; and again,

"I am with you always, unto the end of the world"; using the eternal

present for past and future alike. With the same purpose, the Master

speaks of himself as "the alpha and the omega, the beginning and the

end, the first and the last."



And a Master of our own days writes: "I feel even irritated at having

to use these three clumsy wordsÄpast, present, and future. Miserable

concepts of the objective phases of the subjective whole, they are

about as ill adapted for the purpose, as an axe for fine carving."



In the eternal Now, both past and future are consummated.



Bjorklund, the Swedish philosopher, has well stated the same truth:



"Neither past nor future can exist to God; He lives undividedly,

without limitations, and needs not, as man, to plot out his existence in

a series of moments. Eternity then is not identical with unending time;

it is a different form of existence, related to time as the perfect to the

imperfect ... Man as an entity for himself must have the natural

limitations for the part. Conceived by God, man is eternal in the divine

sense, but conceived ., by himself, man's eternal life is clothed in the

limitations we call time. The eternal is a constant present without

beginning or end, without past or future."



13. These properties, whether manifest or latent, are of the nature of

the Three Potencies.



The Three Potencies are the three manifested modifications of the one

primal material, which stands opposite to perceiving consciousness.

These Three Potencies are called Substance, Force, Darkness; or

viewed rather for their moral colouring, Goodness, Passion, Inertness.

Every material manifestation is a projection of substance into the

empty space of darkness. Every mental state is either good, or

passional, or inert. So, whether subjective or objective, latent or

manifest, all things that present themselves to the perceiving

consciousness are compounded of these three. This is a fundamental

doctrine of the Sankhya system.





14. The external manifestation of an object takes place when the

transformations are in the same phase.



We should be inclined to express the same law by saying, for example,

that a sound is audible, when it consists of vibrations within the

compass of the auditory nerve; that an object is visible, when either

directly or by reflection, it sends forth luminiferous vibrations within

the compass of the retina and the optic nerve. Vibrations below or

above that compass make no impression at all, and the object remains

invisible; as, for example, a kettle of boiling water in a dark room,

though the kettle is sending forth heat vibrations closely akin to light.



So, when the vibrations of the object and those of the perceptive

power are in the same phase, the external manifestation of the object

takes place.



There seems to be a further suggestion that the appearance of an

object in the "present," or its remaining hid in the "past," or "future,"

is likewise a question of phase, and, just as the range of vibrations

perceived might be increased by the development of finer senses, so

the perception of things past, and things to come, may be easy from

a higher point of view.



15. The paths of material things and of states of consciousness are

distinct, as is manifest from the fact that the same object may produce

different impressions in different minds.



Having shown that our bodily condition and circumstances depend on

Karma, while Karma depends on perception and will, the sage

recognizes the fact that from this may be drawn the false deduction

that material things are in no wise different from states of mind. The

same thought has occurred, and still occurs, to all philosophers; and,

by various reasonings, they all come to the same wise conclusion; that

the material world is not made by the mood of any human mind, but

is rather the manifestation of the totality of invisible Being, whether

we call this Mahat, with the ancients, or Ether, with the moderns.



16. Nor do material objects defend upon a single mind, for how could

they remain objective to others, if that mind ceased to think of them?



This is but a further development of the thought of the preceding

Sutra, carrying on the thought that, while the universe is spiritual, yet

its material expression is ordered, consistent, ruled by law, not subject

to the whims or affirmations of a single mind. Unwelcome material

things may be escaped by spiritual growth, by rising to a realm above

them, and not by denying their existence on their own plane. So that

our system is neither materialistic, nor idealistic in the extreme sense,

but rather intuitional and spiritual, holding that matter is the

manifestation of spirit as a whole, a reflection or externalization of

spirit, and, like spirit, everywhere obedient to law. The path of

liberation is not through denial of matter but through denial of the

wills of self, through obedience, and that aspiration which builds the

vesture of the spiritual man.



17. An object is perceived, or not perceived, according as the mind is,

or is not, tinged with the colour of the object.



The simplest manifestation of this is the matter of attention. Our minds

apprehend what they wish to apprehend; all else passes unnoticed, or,

on the other hand, we perceive what we resent, as, for example, the

noise of a passing train; while others, used to the sound, do not notice

it at all.



But the deeper meaning is, that out of the vast totality of objects ever

present in the universe, the mind perceives only those which conform

to the hue of its Karma. The rest remain unseen, even though close at

hand.



This spiritual law has been well expressed by Emerson:



"Through solidest eternal things the man finds his road as if they did

not subsist, and does not once suspect their being. As soon as he

needs a new object, suddenly he beholds it, and no longer attempts to

pass through it, but takes another way. When he has exhausted for the

time the nourishment to be drawn from any one person or thing, that

object is withdrawn from his observation, and though still in his

immediate neighbourhood, he does not suspect its presence. Nothing

is dead. Men feign themselves dead, and endure mock funerals and

mournful obituaries, and there they stand looking out of the window,

sound and well, in some new and strange disguise. Jesus is not dead,

he is very well alive: nor John, nor Paul, nor Mahomet, nor Aristotle;

at times we believe we have seen them all, and could easily tell the

names under which they go."



18. The movements of the psychic nature are perpetually objects of

perception, since the Spiritual Man, who is the lord of them, remains

unchanging.



Here is teaching of the utmost import, both for understanding and for

practice.



To the psychic nature belong all the ebb and flow of emotion, all

hoping and fearing, desire and hate: the things that make the multitude

of men and women deem themselves happy or miserable. To it also

belong the measuring and comparing, the doubt and questioning,

which, for the same multitude, make up mental life. So that there

results the emotion-soaked personality, with its dark and narrow view

of life: the shivering, terror driven personality that is life itself for all

but all of mankind.



Yet the personality is not the true man, not the living soul at all, but

only a spectacle which the true man observes. Let us under stand this,

therefore, and draw ourselves up inwardly to the height of the

Spiritual Man, who, standing in the quiet light of the Eternal, looks

down serene upon this turmoil of the outer life.



One first masters the personality, the "mind," by thus looking down on

it from above, from within; by steadily watching its ebb and flow, as

objective, outward, and therefore not the real Self. This standing back

is the first step, detachment. The second, to maintain the

vantage-ground thus gained, is recollection.



19. The Mind is not self-luminous, since it can be seen as an object.



This is a further step toward overthrowing the tyranny of the "mind":

the psychic nature of emotion and mental measuring. This psychic self,

the personality, claims to be absolute, asserting that life is for it and

through it; it seeks to impose on the whole being of man its narrow,

materialistic, faithless view of life and the universe; it would clip the

wings of the soaring Soul. But the Soul dethrones the tyrant, by

perceiving and steadily affirming that the psychic self is no true self at

all, not self-luminous, but only an object of observation, watched by

the serene eyes of the Spiritual Man.



20. Nor could the Mind at the same time know itself and things

external to it.



The truth is that the "mind" knows neither external things nor itself.

Its measuring and analyzing, its hoping and fearing, hating and

desiring, never give it a true measure of life, nor any sense of real

values. Ceaselessly active, it never really attains to knowledge; or, if

we admit its knowledge, it ever falls short of wisdom, which comes

only through intuition, the vision of the Spiritual Man.



Life cannot be known by the "mind," its secrets cannot be learned

through the "mind." The proof is, the ceaseless strife and contradiction

of opinion among those who trust in the mind. Much less can the

"mind" know itself, the more so, because it is pervaded by the illusion

that it truly knows, truly is.



True knowledge of the "mind" comes, first, when the Spiritual Man,

arising, stands detached, regarding the "mind" from above, with quiet

eyes, and seeing it for the tangled web of psychic forces that it truly

is. But the truth is divined long before it is clearly seen, and then

begins the long battle of the "mind,' against the Real, the "mind"

fighting doggedly, craftily, for its supremacy.



21. If the Mind be thought of as seen by another more inward Mind,

then there would be an endless series of perceiving Minds, and a

confusion of memories.



One of the expedients by which the "mind" seeks to deny and thwart

the Soul, when it feels that it is beginning to be circumvented and seen

through, is to assert that this seeing is the work of a part of itself, one

part observing the other, and thus leaving no need nor place for the

Spiritual Man.



To this strategy the argument is opposed by our philosopher, that this

would be no true solution, but only a postponement of the solution.

For we should have to find yet another part of the mind to view the

first observing part, and then another to observe this, and so on,

endlessly.



The true solution is, that the Spiritual Man looks down upon the

psychic nature, and observes it; when he views the psychic pictures

gallery, this is "memory," which would be a hopeless, inextricable

confusion, if we thought of one part of the "mind," with its memories,

viewing another part, with memories of its own.



The solution of the mystery lies not in the "mind" but beyond it, in the

luminous life of the risen Lord, the Spiritual Man.



22. When the psychical nature takes on the form of the spiritual

intelligence, by reflecting it, then the Self becomes conscious of its

own spiritual intelligence.



We are considering a stage of spiritual life at which the psychical

nature has been cleansed and purified. Formerly, it reflected in its

plastic substance the images of the earthy; purified now, it reflects the

image of the heavenly, giving the spiritual intelligence a visible form.

The Self, beholding that visible form, in which its spiritual intelligence

has, as it were, taken palpable shape, thereby reaches self-recognition,

self-comprehension. The Self sees itself in this mirror, and thus

becomes not only conscious, but self-conscious. This is, from one

point of view, the purpose of the whole evolutionary process.



23. The psychic nature, taking on the colour of the Seer and of things

seen, leads to the perception of all objects.



In the unregenerate man, the psychic nature is saturated with images

of material things, of things seen, or heard, or tasted, or felt; and this

web of dynamic images forms the ordinary material and driving power

of life. The sensation of sweet things tasted clamours to be renewed,

and drives the man into effort to obtain its renewal; so he adds image

to image, each dynamic and importunate, piling up sin's intolerable

burden.



Then comes regeneration, and the washing away of sin, through the

fiery, creative power of the Soul, which burns out the stains of the

psychic vesture, purifying it as gold is refined in the furnace. The

suffering of regeneration springs from this indispensable purifying.



Then the psychic vesture begins to take on the colour of the Soul, no

longer stained, but suffused with golden light; and the man red

generate gleams with the radiance of eternity. Thus the Spiritual Man

puts on fair raiment; for of this cleansing it is said: Though your sins

be as scarlet, they shall be white as snow; though they be as crimson,

they shall be as wool.



24. The psychic nature, which has been printed with mind-images of

innumerable material things, exists now for the Spiritual Man,

building for him.



The "mind," once the tyrant, is now the slave, recognized as outward,

separate, not Self, a well-trained instrument of the Spiritual Man.



For it is not ordained for the Spiritual Man that, finding his high realm,

he shall enter altogether there, and pass out of the vision of mankind.

It is true that he dwells in heaven, but he also dwells on earth. He has

angels and archangels, the hosts of the just made perfect, for his

familiar friends, but he has at the same time found a new kinship with

the prone children of men, who stumble and sin in the dark. Finding

sinlessness, he finds also that the world's sin and shame are his, not to

share, but to atone; finding kinship with angels, he likewise finds his

part in the toil of angels, the toil for the redemption of the world.



For this work, he, who now stands in the heavenly realm, needs his

instrument on earth; and this instrument he finds, ready to his hand,

and fitted and perfected by the very struggles he has waged against it,

in the personality, the "mind,' of the personal man. This once tyrant is

now his servant and perfect ambassador, bearing witness, before men,

of heavenly things and even in this present world doing the will and

working the works of the Father.



25. For him who discerns between the Mind and the Spiritual Man,

there comes perfect fruition of the longing after the real being of the

Self.



How many times in the long struggle have the Soul's aspirations

seemed but a hopeless, impossible dream, a madman's counsel of

perfection. Yet every finest, most impossible aspiration shall be

realized, and ten times more than realized, once the long, arduous

fight against the "mind," and the mind's worldview is won. And then

it will be seen that unfaith and despair were but weapons of the

"mind," to daunt the Soul, and put off the day when the neck of the

"mind" shall be put under the foot of the Soul.



Have you aspired, well-nigh hopeless, after immortality? You shall be

paid by entering the immortality of God.



Have you aspired, in misery and pain, after consoling, healing love?

You shall be made a dispenser of the divine love of God Himself to

weary souls.



Have you sought ardently, in your day of feebleness, after power ?

You shall wield power immortal, infinite, with God working the works

of God.



Have you, in lonely darkness, longed for companionship and

consolation ? You shall have angels and archangels for your friends,

and all the immortal hosts of the Dawn.



These are the fruits of victory. Therefore overcome. These are the

prizes of regeneration. Therefore die to self, that you may rise again

to God.



26. Thereafter, the whole personal being bends toward illumination,

toward Eternal Life.



This is part of the secret of the Soul, that salvation means, not merely

that a soul shall be cleansed and raised to heaven, but that the whole

realm of the natural powers shall be redeemed, building up, even in

this present world, the kingly figure of the Spiritual Man.



The traditions of the ages are full of his footsteps; majestic,

uncomprehended shadows, myths, demi-gods, fill the memories of all

the nobler peoples. But the time cometh, when he shall be known, no

longer demi-god, nor myth, nor shadow, but the ever-present

Redeemer, working amid men for the life and cleansing of all souls.



27. In the internals of the batik, other thoughts will arise, through the

impressions of the dynamic mind-images.



The battle is long and arduous. Let there be no mistake as to that. Go

not forth to this battle without counting the cost. Ages have gone to

the strengthening of the foe. Ages of conflict must be spent, ere the

foe, wholly conquered, becomes the servant, the Soul's minister to

mankind.



And from these long past ages, in hours when the contest flags, will

come new foes, mind-born children springing up to fight for mind,

reinforcements coming from forgotten years, forgotten lives. For once

this conflict is begun, it can be ended only by sweeping victory, and

unconditional, unreserved surrender of the vanquished.



28. These are to be overcome as it was taught that hindrances should

be overcome.



These new enemies and fears are to be overcome by ceaselessly

renewing the fight, by a steadfast, dogged persistence, whether in

victory or defeat, which shall put the stubbornness of the rocks to

shame. For the Soul is older than all things, and invincible; it is of the

very nature of the Soul to be unconquerable.



Therefore fight on, undaunted; knowing that the spiritual will, once

awakened, shall, through the effort of the contest, come to its full

strength; that ground gained can be held permanently; that great as is

the dead-weight of the adversary, it is yet measurable, while the

Warrior who fights for you, for whom you fight, is, in might,

immeasurable, invincible, everlasting.



29. He who, after he has attained, is wholly free from self, reaches the

essence of all that can be known, gathered together like a cloud. This

is the true spiritual consciousness.



It has been said that, at the beginning of the way, we must kill out

ambition, the great curse, the giant weed which grows as strongly in

the heart of the devoted disciple as in the man of desire. The remedy

is sacrifice of self, obedience, humility; that purity of heart which gives

the vision of God. Thereafter, he who has attained is wrapt about with

the essence of all that can be known, as with a cloud; he has that

perfect illumination which is the true spiritual consciousness. Through

obedience to the will of God, he comes into oneness of being with

God; he is initiated into God's view of the universe, seeing all life as

God sees it.



30. Thereon comes surcease from sorrow and the burden of toil.



Such a one, it is said, is free from the bond of Karma, from the burden

of toil, from that debt to works which comes from works done in

self-love and desire. Free from self-will, he is free from sorrow, too,

for sorrow comes from the fight of self-will against the divine will,

through the correcting stress of the divine will, which seeks to

counteract the evil wrought by disobedience. When the conflict with

the divine will ceases, then sorrow ceases, and he who has grown into

obedience, thereby enters into joy.



31. When all veils are rent, all stains washed away, his knowledge

becomes infinite; little remains for him to know.



The first veil is the delusion that thy soul is in some permanent way

separate from the great Soul, the divine Eternal. When that veil is rent,

thou shalt discern thy oneness with everlasting Life. The second veil

is the delusion of enduring separateness from thy other selves,

whereas in truth the soul that is in them is one with the soul that is in

thee. The world's sin and shame are thy sin and shame: its joy also.



These veils rent, thou shalt enter into knowledge of divine things and

human things. Little will remain unknown to thee.



32. Thereafter comes the completion of the series of transformations

of the three nature potencies, since their purpose is attained.



It is a part of the beauty and wisdom of the great Indian teachings, the

Vedanta and the Yoga alike, to hold that all life exists for the purposes

of Soul, for the making of the spiritual man. They teach that all nature

is an orderly process of evolution, leading up to this, designed for this

end, existing only for this: to bring forth and perfect the Spiritual Man.

He is the crown of evolution: at his coming, the goal of all

development is attained.



33. The series of transformations is divided into moments. When the

series is completed, time gives place to duration.



There are two kinds of eternity, says the commentary: the eternity of

immortal life, which belongs to the Spirit, and the eternity of change,

which inheres in Nature, in all that is not Spirit. While we are content

to live in and for Nature, in the Circle of Necessity, Sansara, we doom

ourselves to perpetual change. That which is born must die, and that

which dies must be reborn. It is change evermore, a ceaseless series

of transformations.



But the Spiritual Man enters a new order; for him, there is no longer

eternal change, but eternal Being. He has entered into the joy of his

Lord. This spiritual birth, which makes him heir of the Everlasting,

sets a term to change; it is the culmination, the crowning

transformation, of the whole realm of change.



34. Pure spiritual life is, therefore, the in- verse resolution of the

potencies of Nature, which have emptied themselves of their value for

the Spiritual man; or it is the return of the power of pure

Consciousness to its essential form.



Here we have a splendid generalization, in which our wise philosopher

finally reconciles the naturalists and the idealists, expressing the crown

and end of his teaching, first in the terms of the naturalist, and then in

the terms of the idealist.



The birth and growth of the Spiritual Man, and his entry into his

immortal heritage, may be regarded, says our philosopher, either as

the culmination of the whole process of natural evolution and

involution, where "that which flowed from out the boundless deep,

turns again home"; or it may be looked at, as the Vedantins look at it,

as the restoration of pure spiritual Consciousness to its pristine and

essential form. There is no discrepancy or conflict between these two

views, which are but two accounts of the same thing. Therefore those

who study the wise philosopher, be they naturalist or idealist, have no

excuse to linger over dialetic subtleties or disputes. These things are

lifted from their path, lest they should be tempted to delay over them,

and they are left facing the path itself, stretching upward and onward

from their feet to the everlasting hills, radiant with infinite Light.